Cell-Derived Extracellular Matrix: Basic Characteristics and Current Applications in Orthopedic Tissue Engineering

Abstract

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and intricate microenvironment with excellent biophysical, biomechanical, and biochemical properties, which can directly or indirectly regulate cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and differentiation, as well as plays key roles in homeostasis and regeneration of tissues and organs. The ECM has attracted a great deal of attention with the rapid development of tissue engineering in the field of regenerative medicine. Tissue-derived ECM scaffolds (also referred to as decellularized tissues and whole organs) are considered a promising therapy for the repair of musculoskeletal defects, including those that are widely used in orthopedics, although there are a few shortcomings. Similar to tissue-derived ECM scaffolds, cell-derived ECM scaffolds also have highly advantageous biophysical and biochemical properties, in particular their ability to be produced in vitro from a number of different cell types. Furthermore, cell-derived ECM scaffolds more closely resemble native ECM microenvironments. The products of cell-derived ECM have a wide range of biomedical applications; these include reagents for cell culture substrates and biomaterials for scaffolds, hybrid scaffolds, and living cell sheet coculture systems. Although cell-derived ECM has only just begun to be investigated, it has great potential as a novel approach for cell-based tissue repair in orthopedic tissue engineering. This review summarizes and analyzes the various types of cell-derived ECM products applied in cartilage, bone, and nerve tissue engineering in vitro or in vivo and discusses future directions for investigation of cell-derived ECM.

Layer-by-layer nanofiber-enabled engineering of biomimetic periosteum for bone repair and reconstruction

“…Tracking of the donor cell fate confirmed the sustained donor cell survival and differentiation over 7-week period in vivo in the layer-by-layer assembled 3D scaffolds. The beneficial effects of the native ECM in bone/cartilage engineering have been extensively published [41, 42]. Our current study demonstrated a simple strategy to optimize the performance of electrospun nanofibrous sheets in bone repair and bone tissue engineering.…”

Cultured cell‐derived extracellular matrices to enhance the osteogenic differentiation and angiogenic properties of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells

“…Cultured cell-derived ECM has been used as an alternative to tissuederived ECM (Zhang et al, 2016). In fact, ECM proteins can be secreted by cells cultured in vitro and then decellularized to create the cellderived ECM (Hoshiba, Cho, Murakawa, Okahata, & Akaike, 2006).…”

Extracellular matrix and fibroblast injection produces pterygium-like lesion in rabbits

“…Although both Matrigel and chondrocyte derived extracellular matrix are used to promote cell proliferation, the former is known for its gel composition at room temperature containing bFGF, IGF, EGF, laminin, collagen 1, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan [12], which exerts a slow release characteristic that favors angiogenesis [13–16]. In the mice model injected with Matrigel reported by Cox, there was no tissue growth at day 6.…”