Cell-intrinsic PD-L1 and PD-1 signal effects in bladder cancer

Abstract

PD-1/PD-L1 provides a mechanism of immune escape, the blockage of which has reinvigorated interest in the treatment of urothelial cancer. We recently reported on cell-intrinsic PD-L1 effects in melanoma and ovarian cancer, and considered that effects in bladder cancer cells could differ based on distinct mutational landscapes. Using CRISPER/Cas9 methodology, we knockout PD-L1 in the murine bladder cancer cell line MB49 and the human bladder caner cell line RT. We show here that cell-intrinsic MB49 and RT4 cells express PD-L1 and PD-1 that each mediate cell-intrinsic signals. PD-L1 knockout has little effect on cells proliferation in vitro, but significant difference could be found in tumor size when we used MB49 Ctrl or MB49 PD-L1KO cells to challenge C57B16 mice. αPD-L1 and αPD-1 antibodies reduced bladder cancer cell proliferation in vitro demonstrating direct signaling effects. Bladder cancer cell-intrinsic PD-L1 promoted mTORC1 and tumor initiating cell generation similar to melanoma and ovarian cancer cells. By contrast to melanoma and ovarian cancer cells, bladder cancer cell PD-L1 promoted autophagy and had little effect on in vivo immune-independent growth. Base one the functional role, PD-L1 knockout increased proliferation inhibition induced by Rapamycin in both mouse and human bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, we found intrinsic PD-L1 suppress cytokine production, including CXCL10. Corresponding with increased CXCL10 secretion, more CXCR3+ NK cells could be attracted by PD-L1KO cancer cells. Overall, our findings further illustrated the intrinsic role of PD-L1 in bladder cancer development and found PD-1 expression on human bladder cancer cells for the first time.