“…Sample preparation is an essential step in clinical diagnostic applications, which includes centrifugation, extraction, concentration, chemical reactions, washing, and other laborious practices . Various technologies have been developed for sample preparation prior to analysis using microfluidic systems; however, dielectrophoresis (DEP) has proven to be a promising technique for the manipulation of micro/nanoscale objects, including cells, viruses, DNA, bacteria, and proteins, in aqueous suspensions .…”