Cell Switch-Off Algorithms for Spatially Irregular Base Station Deployments

Le-The, Quoc-Nam; Beitelmal, Tamer; Lagum, Faraj; Szyszkowicz, Sebastian S.; Yanıkömeroğlu, Halim

doi:10.1109/lwc.2017.2690677

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Defining perfect regularity as the case in which APs are placed on a triangular lattice [44], metrics are needed to quantify the spatial regularity of the different sets of (potential) active APs. A particularly interesting metric that was already used by Lagum et al [45] to design cell switch-off algorithms is the geometry-based metric of spatial regularity [46], [47]. Given a set M A of active APs located at positions P(M A ), it is defined as…”

Section: Spatial Regularity-based Greedy Asomentioning

confidence: 99%

Access Point Switch ON/OFF Strategies for Green Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networking

2020

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The combination of user-centric network densification and distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operation has recently brought along a new paradigm in the wireless communications arena, referred to as cell-free massive MIMO networking. In these networks, a large number of distributed access points (APs), coordinated by a central processing unit (CPU), cooperate to coherently serve a large number of mobile stations (MSs) in the same time/frequency resource. Similar to what has been traditionally done with conventional cellular networks, cell-free massive MIMO networks will be dimensioned to provide the required quality of service (QoS) to MSs under heavy traffic load conditions, and thus they might be underutilized during low traffic load periods, leading to an inefficient use of both spectral and energy resources. Aiming at the implementation of green cell-free massive MIMO networks, this paper proposes and analyzes the performance of different AP switch ON/OFF (ASO) strategies designed to dynamically turn ON/OFF some of the APs based on the number and/or location of the active MSs in the network. The proposed framework considers line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links between APs and MSs, the use of different antenna array architectures at the access points (APs), suitably characterized by array-dependent spatial correlation matrices, and specific power consumption models for APs, MSs and fronthaul links between the APs and the CPU. Numerical results show that the use of properly designed ASO strategies in cell-free massive MIMO networks clearly improve the achievable energy efficiency. Moreover, they also reveal the existing trade-offs among the achievable energy efficiency, the available network-state information, and the hardware configuration (i.e., number of APs, number of transmit antennas per AP, and number of MSs). INDEX TERMS AP ON/OFF switching, green networking, cell-free massive MIMO, zero-forcing precoding.

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Section: Spatial Regularity-based Greedy Asomentioning

confidence: 99%

Access Point Switch ON/OFF Strategies for Green Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networking

2020

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“…The repulsive point processes (RPPs), from the literature of stochastic geometry, are found to be useful to model actual BS locations. Recent work [55,56] in the context of CSO use RPPs to model BS locations so that they are neither perfect regular nor totally random.…”

Section: Bs Location Models In Cso Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this chapter, we evaluate the performance of nine of these algorithms, plus one proposed in [56], to solve the CSO problem with the aim of maximizing the SIR by switching of some BSs to improve the regularity of the remaining active BSs.…”

Section: Algorithms For Maximizing Spatial Regularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This algorithm is proposed in [56]. As known from the literature, the best SIR is achieved with regularly placed BSs; therefore we propose the TLF as a novel algorithm for the CSO problem at hand.…”

Section: Triangular Lattice Fit (Tlf) Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Part of this chapter is a collaboration work that resulted in the submission of two letters[55,56] and a magazine paper under preparation. The contribution of Quoc-Nam Le-The (a summer student with the NSERC Undergraduate Student Research Award program) was inventing a new algorithm, conducting the programming, and wrote an early draft of[56]. Faraj Lagum (a PhD student in our research group) provided expertise in stochastic geometry, provided simulation code, and introduced the new CSO problem formulation in[55].…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Cell Switch-Off Approach for Energy Efficient Cellular Networks

Beitelmal¹

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Network densification is a key enabler for providing high data rates and ubiquitous coverage. Although it enables the ambitious target of 1,000-fold gains in capacity, installing more base stations (BSs) challenges the energy efficiency targets of future networks. Cell switch-off (CSO) approaches are proposed to reduce energy consumption in off-peak periods by switching off some BSs. In this thesis, we define an energy-efficient cellular network as one in which as few BSs as possible are switched on while still satisfying all the users demand and quality of service. This thesis contributes to the current state of knowledge by directing the CSO research towards a more realistic, feasible, and practical implementation. We do this by arguing for employing offline (static) CSO and for considering spatially irregular BS deployments. First, we propose a dynamic CSO algorithm based on the well-known set cover problem. Our algorithm outperforms a benchmark algorithm in terms of the total number of switched-off BSs. While dynamic CSO algorithms are designed to adapt to fast changes in demand distribution, proper interference modelling is very challenging. To overcome this challenge, we next study regular static CSO patterns and describe them systematically. We propose sector-based patterns, where not only entire BSs could be switched off (site-based), but their individual sectors too. We compare the performance of different CSO patterns in terms of their energy efficiency and the number of supported users. CSO patterns are advantageous for modelling interference properly, reducing coverage holes, and making the uplink transmissions more energy-efficient for users. Nevertheless, the underlying assumption is that the BSs are deployed according to a regular grid. Finally, we consider spatially irregular BS deployments as a more realistic network model; therefore, we study applying CSO to irregular network layouts with the objective of making the active BS locations as regular as possible. We test the suitability of several algorithms from the p-dispersion problem literature for networks with BSs deployed with variable amounts of regularity. We also demonstrate some of these algorithms on real BS locations.

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QoS aware and fault tolerant handovers in software defined LTE networks

Rangisetti

Sathya

2020

Wireless Netw

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Cell Switch-Off Algorithms for Spatially Irregular Base Station Deployments

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Access Point Switch ON/OFF Strategies for Green Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networking

Access Point Switch ON/OFF Strategies for Green Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networking

The Cell Switch-Off Approach for Energy Efficient Cellular Networks

QoS aware and fault tolerant handovers in software defined LTE networks

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