Cell Wall Biology in Red Algae: Divide and Conquer

Vreeland, V. J.; Kloareg, Bernard

doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.36512.x

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our isolate also did not infect filamentous gametophytic Bangiales ("Bangia") nor any filamentous sporophytic phases ('conchocelis') which has been suggested before based on infection of Pythium marinum Sparrow (Kerwin et al 1992), a species in clade B of Pythium (Lévesque and De Cock 2004). The cell wall composition of conchocelis phases is known to differ from the gametophytes (Mukai et al 1981, Vreeland andKloareg 2000), and carbohydrates are known to be important in spore attachment and penetration in P. porphyrae (Uppalapati and Fujita 2000). In our experiments, P. porphyrae was not able to infect members of the Florideophyceae, while the original collection of P. chondricola was from decaying red algae (e.g., Chrondrus crispus) but it is unclear if Pythium was a necrotroph or a saprotroph from the original descriptions (De Cock 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Infection and cox2 sequence of Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) causing red rot disease in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) in Korea

Lee

Jee

Son

et al. 2017

ALGAE

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Geographic distributions of pathogens are affected by dynamic processes involving host susceptibility, availability and abundance. An oomycete, Pythium porphyrae, is the causative agent of red rot disease, which plagues Pyropia farms in Korea and Japan almost every year and causes serious economic damage. We isolated an oomycete pathogen infecting Pyropia plicata from a natural population in Wellington, New Zealand. The pathogen was identified as Pythium porphyrae using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA cistron molecular markers. Susceptibility test showed that this Pythium from New Zealand was able to infect several different species and genera of Bangiales including Pyropia but is not able to infect their sporophytic (conchocelis) phases. The sequences of the isolated New Zealand strain were also identical to Pythium chondricola from Korea and the type strain from the Netherlands. Genetic species delimitation analyses found no support for separating P. porphyrae from P. chondricola, nor do we find morphological characters to distinguish them. We propose that Pythium chondricola be placed in synonymy with P. porphyrae. It appears that the pathogen of Pyropia, both in aquaculture in the northern hemisphere and in natural populations in the southern hemisphere is one species.Key Words: Bangia; Bangiales; DNA barcoding; host specificity; Porphyra; Pythium chondricola; Rhodophyta; species delimitation; synonymization; taxonomy INTRODUCTIONAquaculture of marine algae is an important industry, especially in Asia. The production of seaweeds more than doubled between 2000 and 2012 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2014). The red alga Pyropia is the most consumed alga in the world, both for food and in the biomedical industry (e.g., porphyran, pycobilliproteins) (Gachon et al. 2010). In 2013, Pyropia made up about 1.8 million tons which is about 8% of the total global seaweed production, with values of US $1.2 billion (FAO FishStat et al. 2016).Pyropia cultivation losses amount to over US $10 million annually from different diseases (Gachon et al. 2010, Blouin et al. 2011, Kim et al. 2014. Diseases like greenspot disease and Olpidiopsis blight as well as red-rot disease, result in a great decrease in productivity, yield and crop value (Kawamura et al. 2005, Klochkova et al. 2012, 2016b, Kim et al. 2014. With increasing farming intensity and increasing temperatures, caused by global warming, disease severity and occurrence is also expected to increase (Ding and Ma 2005, Gachon et al. 2010).Received January 17, 2017, Accepted February 25, 2017 *Corresponding Author E-mail: joe.zuccarello@vuw.ac.nz Tel: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 30 well investigated in aquacultural settings (e.g., Park ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Infection and cox2 sequence of Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) causing red rot disease in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) in Korea

Lee

Jee

Son

et al. 2017

ALGAE

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“…Cell walls in most red algae are characterized by skeletal polysaccharides such as cellulose, as well as an amorphous matrix composed mostly of sulfated galactans (Frei and Preston, 1961;Usov, 1992;Tsekos, 1999;Vreeland and Kloareg, 2000). In land plants, variation in the proportion of cellulose to matrix has been found to affect tensile strength (Genet et al, 2005;Girault et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence of joint mechanics in independently evolving, articulated coralline algae

Janot

Martone

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Flexible joints are a key innovation in the evolution of upright coralline algae. These structures have evolved in parallel at least three separate times, allowing the otherwise rigid, calcified thalli of upright corallines to achieve flexibility when subjected to hydrodynamic stress. As all bending occurs at the joints, stress is amplified, which necessitates that joints be made of material that is both extensible and strong. Data presented here indicate that coralline joints are in fact often stronger and more extensible, as well as tougher, than fleshy seaweed tissues. Corallinoids are particularly strong and tough, which is largely due to the presence of secondary cell walls that strengthen the joint tissue without adding bulk to the joint itself. Cell wall thickness is shown to be a large contributing factor to strength across all groups, with the exception of the corallinoid Cheilosporum sagittatum, which likely possesses distinct chemical composition in its walls to increase strength beyond that of all other species tested.

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“…However, starch is largely stored intracellularly (i.e., in the cytosol) in red algae (Pueschel 1990, Viola et al 2001) and any cell wall α-glucans would likely be soluble as their mean chain length is in the range 9-17 (Turvey andSimpson 1966, Ozaki et al 1967). Thus, we predict that our insoluble Glc residues largely arise from cellulose, a common microfibrillar skeletal component in macroalgae (Frei and Preston 1961, Usov 1992, Tsekos 1999, Vreeland and Kloareg 2000, Lee 2018), particularly in the secondary cell walls of corallines (Martone et al 2019). It still must be confirmed through further research whether most cellulose present in the cell walls of CCA is microfibrillar (CMFs).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cell wall organic matrix composition and biomineralization across reef‐building coralline algae under global change

Bergstrom

Lahnstein²,

Collins

et al. 2022

Journal of Phycology

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Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are one of the most important benthic substrate consolidators on coral reefs through their ability to deposit calcium carbonate on an organic matrix in their cell walls. Discrete polysaccharides have been recognized for their role in biomineralization, yet little is known about the carbohydrate composition of organic matrices across CCA taxa and whether they have the capacity to modulate their organic matrix constituents amidst environmental change, particularly the threats of ocean acidification (OA) and warming. We simulated elevated pCO2 and temperature (IPCC RCP 8.5) and subjected four mid‐shelf Great Barrier Reef species of CCA to 2 months of experimentation. To assess the variability in surficial monosaccharide composition and biomineralization across species and treatments, we determined the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharides present in the cell walls of surficial algal tissue and quantified calcification. Our results revealed dissimilarity among species' monosaccharide constituents, which suggests that organic matrices are composed of different polysaccharides across CCA taxa. We also observed that species differentially modulate composition in response to ocean acidification and warming. Our findings suggest that both variability in composition and ability to modulate monosaccharide abundance may play a crucial role in surficial biomineralization dynamics under the stress of OA and global warming.

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Cell Wall Biology in Red Algae: Divide and Conquer

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Infection and cox2 sequence of Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) causing red rot disease in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) in Korea

Infection and cox2 sequence of Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) causing red rot disease in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) in Korea

Convergence of joint mechanics in independently evolving, articulated coralline algae

Cell wall organic matrix composition and biomineralization across reef‐building coralline algae under global change

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