Cell-wall polysaccharides of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa): effect of ripening on the structural features of cell-wall materials

Redgwell, Robert J.; Melton, Laurence D.; Brasch, Donald J.

doi:10.1016/0008-6215(91)80156-h

Cited by 82 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…4) in each tissue. This confirmed earlier findings (Redgwell et al, 1991Redgwell and Percy, 1992) that the two processes invariably occur in synchrony. Whether cell wall swelling is a factor in pectin solubilization or vice versa, or whether the two processes are causally unconnected has yet to be resolved.…”

Section: Dlscusslonsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Ferguson var deliciosa cv Hayward), cell wall changes during softening are characterized by solubilization of the pectic polysaccharides, loss of Gal from the side chains of the pectin molecules, a decrease in the M, of xyloglucan, and a dramatic swelling of the cell wall (MacRae and Redgwell, 1992). It has been suggested that wall swelling may be caused by changes in the cellulose-hemicellulose interaction and that swelling or loosening of the wall may itself be a factor in the release or solubilization of pectic polysaccharides (Redgwell et al, 1991). Avocado and strawberry, two fruits where cell wall swelling is pronounced during ripening, show a major increase in cellulase activity as the fruit soften (Christoffersen et al, 1989;Abeles and Takda, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Activity Increases during Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Ripening (Implications for Fruit Softening)

1993

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l h e activity of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) was assayed in three tissue zones of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A.Chev.] C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var deliciosa cv Hayward) at harvest and at severa1 softening stages following a postharvest ethylene treatment. At harvest, extractable XET activity per unit fresh weight in the inner pericarp (IP) and core tissue was 4.5 and 42 times higher, respectively, than in the outer pericarp (OP).Within 24 h of ethylene treatment there was an increase in the adivity and specific activity of XET in all tissues that continued throughout softening. Activity increased most in the OP, where it showed a 12-fold rise 6 d after ethylene treatment compared with 4.5-and 2.5-fold increases in the IP and core tissues, respectively. Visible swelling of the cell wall in each tissue was observed 24 h after the first detectable rise in XET activity and was most pronounced in the OP, which showed the greatest percentage increase in XET activity. Xyloglucan, galactoglucomannan, and cell wall materials isolated and purified from kiwifruit OP were tested as donor substrates for kiwifruit XET. The enzyme showed activity against xyloglucan but was inadive against galadoglucomannan. XET was active against cell wall materials from unripe and ripe fruit, with swollen walls from the latter being the better substrate. l h e results indicate that XET may have a key role early in fruit ripening, loosening the cell wall in preparation for further modification by other cell wall-associated enzymes.

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Section: Dlscusslonsupporting

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Activity Increases during Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Ripening (Implications for Fruit Softening)

1993

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“…Xyloglucans have received relatively little attention in this respect, although they hydrogen bond tightly to cellulose (Keegstra et al, 1973;Hayashi et al, 1987) and are also bound to other cell-wall components (Keegstra et al, 1973;Talbott and Ray, 1992a). Furthermore, xyloglucans seem to play a key role in cell growth (Fry and Miller, 1989;McDougall and Fry, 1990;Nishitani and Tominaga, 1991;Talbott and Ray, 1992b) and ripening (Redgwell et al, 1991). Therefore, their removal might not only facilitate cellulose degradation but also be crucial for a total collapse of the cohesion between cell-wall polymers.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Xyloglucans on the Degradation of Cell-Wall-Embedded Cellulose by the Combined Action of Cellobiohydrolase and Endoglucanases from Trichoderma viride

Vincken¹,

Beldman²,

Voragen³

1994

Plant Physiol.

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l w o endoglucanases of Trichoderma viride, endol and endolV, were assayed for their activity toward alkali-extracted apple xyloglucans. EndolV was shown to have a 60-fold higher activity toward xyloglucan than endol, whereas carboxymethyl cellulose and crystalline cellulose were better substrates for the latter. l h e enzymic degradation of cellulose embedded in the complex cell-wall matrix of apple fruit tissue has been studied using cellobiohydrolase (CBH) and these two different endoglucanases. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method (Aminex HPX-22H) was used to monitor the release of cellobiose and oligomeric xyloglucan fragments. Synergistic action between CBH and endoglucanases on cell-wallembedded cellulose was, with respect to their optimal ratio, slightly different from that reported for crystalline cellulose. l h e combination of endolv and CBH solubilized twice as much cellobiose compared to a combination of endol and CBH. Apparently, the concomitant removal of the xyloglucan coating from cellulose microfibrils by endolV is essential for an efficient degradation of cellulose in a complex matrix. Cellulose degradation slightly enhanced the solubilization of xyloglucans. lhese results indicate optimal degradation of cell-wall-embedded cellulose by a threeenzyme system consisting of an endoglucanase with high affinity toward cellulose (endol), a xyloglucanase (endolV), and CBH.

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“…The CDTA-extracted material has been previously subjected to gel-filtration chromatography (MacDougall et al, 1996) and was shown to be polydisperse, with little variation in the proportion of neutral sugars between materials of different sizes. Ion-exchange chromatography of a similar cell wall fraction from unripe kiwifruit suggests that there are subpopulations in this class of pectic polysaccharide that vary in their degree of methyl esterification but not in their monosaccharide composition (Redgwell et al, 1991). The fractions extracted with Na,CO, have a higher level of neutral sugars than the CDTA-extracted material, indicating a higher degree of branching.…”

Section: Composition Of Cell Wall Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The 0.5 and 4 N KOH fractions contain a much wider range of monosaccharides. Subfractionation using ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography has revealed that extracts prepared under similar conditions from tomato and other parenchymatous tissues contain both pectic and hemicellulosic polymers (Seymour et al, 1990;Redgwell et al, 1991). In the phase separations discussed below it was necessary to be able to determine the distribution of the different polymers from the monosaccharide composition of the phases.…”

Section: Composition Of Cell Wall Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Separation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Its Implications for Cell Wall Assembly

1997

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Concentrated binary mixtures of polymers in solution commonly exhibit immiscibility, resolving into two separate phases each of which is enriched in one polymer. The plant cell wall is a concentrated polymer assembly, and phase separation of the constituent polymers could make an important contribution to its structural organization and functional properties. However, to our knowledge, there have been no published reports of the phase behavior of cell wall polymers, and this phenomenon is not included in current cell wall models. We fractionated cell walls purified from the pericarp of unripe tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) by extraction with cyclohexane diamine tetraacetic acid (CDTA), Na2CO3, and KOH and examined the behavior of concentrated mixtures. Several different combinations of fractions exhibited phase separation. Analysis of coexisting phases demonstrated the immiscibility of the esterified, relatively unbranched pectic polysaccharide extracted by CDTA and a highly branched, de-esterified pectic polysaccharide present in the 0.5 N KOH extract. Some evidence for phase separation of the CDTA extract and hemicellulosic polymers was also found. We believe that phase separation is likely to be a factor in the assembly of pectic polysaccharides in the cell wall and could, for example, provide the basis for explaining the formation of the middle lamella.

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Cell-wall polysaccharides of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa): effect of ripening on the structural features of cell-wall materials

Cited by 82 publications

References 13 publications

Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Activity Increases during Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Ripening (Implications for Fruit Softening)

Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase Activity Increases during Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Ripening (Implications for Fruit Softening)

The Effect of Xyloglucans on the Degradation of Cell-Wall-Embedded Cellulose by the Combined Action of Cellobiohydrolase and Endoglucanases from Trichoderma viride

Phase Separation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Its Implications for Cell Wall Assembly

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