Cellobiose elicits immunity in lettuce conferring resistance toBotrytis cinerea

Abstract

Cellobiose is the primary product of cellulose hydrolysis and is expected to be served as pathogen/damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs) in evoking plant innate immunity. In the study, cellobiose was demonstrated to be a positive regulator in immune response, but devote to halt autoimmunity when lettuce was exposed to cellobiose higher than 60 mg·L –1. When infected by Botrytis cinerea, cellobiose endowed plants with enhanced pre-invasion resistance by activating high levels of β-1,3-glucanase and anti-oxidative enzyme activities at the initial stage of pathogenic infection. Meanwhile, cellobiose-activated core regulatory factors such as EDS1, PTI6, and WRKY70 as well as SA signaling played an indispensable role in modulating plant growth-defense tradeoffs. Transcriptomics data further suggested that the cellobiose-activated plant-pathogen pathways are involved in MAMPs / PAMPs-triggered immune responses (PTI). Genes encoding receptor-like kinases, redox homeostasis, phytohormone signal transduction, transcription factors, and pathogenesis-related proteins were also detected to be up- or down-regulated by cellobiose. Taken together, this study demonstrated that cellobiose serves as an elicitor can directly activate disease resistance-related cellular functions. Besides, multiple genes have been identified as potential modulators of the cellobiose-induced immune response, which could inform efforts to understand underlying molecular events.

Cellooligomer/CELLOOLIGOMER RECEPTOR KINASE1 Signaling Exhibits Crosstalk with PAMP-Triggered Immune Responses and Sugar Metabolism in Arabidopsis Roots

“…Furthermore, sugar metabolites trigger immune responses. CB elicits immunity in lettuce [ 46 ] and Arabidopsis [ 51 ], and stimulates SUC1 and STP4 expression [ 67 ]. Fructans prime ROS dynamics and Botrytis cinerea resistance [ 76 ], while trehalose modulates defense responses in Arabidopsis [ 40 , 42 ].…”

“…Moreover, Kohorn et al [ 45 ] have shown that cell wall sensing via pectin breakdown regulates the vacuolar invertase involved in the solute sugar metabolism. The cellulose breakdown product cellobiose (CB) stimulates the primary sugar metabolism and evokes innate immune responses [ 46 ]. The stimulation of immune responses by cellooligomers may result in a shift of the growth/defense balance towards defense, which not only inhibits growth and activates defense gene expression but also affects the amino acid profile [ 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Comparison of the Main Constituents in Two Varieties of Proso Millet Using GC–MS

“…Cellobiose is the primary product of cellulose hydrolysis and is expected to function as a type of pathogen/damage-associated molecular pattern in evoking plant innate immunity [ 26 ]. We identified this compound only in roots and stems.…”

Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Host–Botrytis cinerea Interactions to Outline Novel and Sustainable Control Strategies: The Key Role of RNA Interference

“…This product of cellulose hydrolysis may actually function as a type of pathogen/damage-associated molecular pattern to induce plant innate immunity. He and colleagues [ 193 ] determined that below 60 mg L −1 , cellobiose administered on lettuce can have positive effects on plant response to B. cinerea by activating high activities of β-1,3-glucanase and antioxidant enzymes at the early stage of pathogen infection. Interestingly, EDS1, PTI6, and WRKY70, which are cellobiose-activated core regulatory factors such as SA signaling, played a crucial role in modulating plant responses.…”