Cells of matter and life – towards understanding the structuring of particles and plankton patchiness in the Arctic fjords

Abstract

As the environmental conditions are typically not homogenous, especially in coastal regions, they must provide a mosaic of distinct habitats that can be occupied by particles and plankton in a characteristic way. Here we analyze and map the spatio-temporal distribution patterns and the internal structure of 94 patches of various size fractions of particles and plankton studied by fine resolution measurements of two compatible laser counters performed in the upper epipelagial of two Arctic fjords over six summer seasons. Detected patches generally occupied only the minor part of the studied upper water column (on average 12%), and frequently occurred as multi-size-fraction forms. The observed concentrations within the patches were mostly 1.6 times higher than the background concentrations (max 4.1). The patches ranged in size horizontally from 1 to 92 km (median length 12 km) and vertically from 5 to 50 m (median 26 m). Because the designated patches varied in terms of their shapes and internal structure, a novel classification approach to of patches is proposed. Accordingly, seven types of patches were distinguished: Belt, Triangle, Diamond, Flare, Fingers, Flag, and Rosette. The particles and plankton exhibited all types of these distribution patterns, regardless of the size fraction and location. The observed steepening size spectra slopes over years implies that proliferating Atlantic water advection, triggering increasing role of the smallest size fractions, played the crucial role on compositional dynamics on temporal scale. The recurring high concentration patches of particles and plankton near glaciers suggest that their melting, together with biological production, were the strongest factors generating patchiness on the local scale. An observed under several occasions depth differentiation among size fractions building together vertically thin multi-size-fraction patches is an interesting feature for further studies. Even if distribution patterns of particles and plankton did not clearly reflect all patterns in the environmental water structuring, they happened to be related to the presence of glacier runoff, eddy, sea mountain and hot spots of chlorophyll fluorescence.

Copepods' true colors: astaxanthin pigmentation as an indicator of fitness

“…Redness and phytoplanktonic dynamics can also be fully decoupled, resulting in astaxanthin maxima in the cold, less productive season (Davenport et al, 2004; Hairston, 1979). In the total darkness or in some turbid waters, some copepods are still bright red (Schneider et al, 2012, 2016; Trudnowska et al, 2022). As discussed above, pigments have long been known to be associated with lipids in “fat cells” (Ringelberg & Hallegraeff, 1976; Siefken & Armitage, 1968) or in lipid droplets (Grosbois & Rautio, 2018; Veen, 2005).…”

“…One counterexample is the surface swarms of Calanus copepods showing a red color presumably used as a UV-protectant (Basedow et al, 2019). This is supported by the fact that the same species are transparent when they inhabit really turbid glacial waters (Trudnowska et al, 2022). However, the only trial of correlation between astaxanthin content and light radiation was not successful (Hylander et al, 2015).…”