Cellular and Immunologic Injury with PM-10 Inhalation

Kleinman, Michael T.; Bhalla, Deepak K.; Mautz, William J.; Phalen, Robert F.

doi:10.3109/08958379509014467

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Prior special monitoring studies by the South Coast Air Quality Management District ( SCAQMD ) indicate that approximately 10% of the annual average PM10 mass consists of silicon, a substantial portion of which is in the form of silica (SCAQMD, 1990;Mel Zeldin, South Coast Air Quality Management District, personal communication, 1998 ) . In an experiment examining the relative acute effects of inhalation of nitrates, sulfates, and coarse particles (produced by resuspending road dust ) in the lungs of rats, Kleinman et al ( 1995 ) found that all three exposures produced some effects consistent with lung injury, though those investigators inferred that the two fine -particle exposures were generally more potent in inducing such effects than the resuspended road dust. Both sulfate and road -dust exposures caused a significant suppression of alveolar macrophage function, while increased epithelial permeability was observed in rats exposed to road dust or to nitrates, but not sulfates (Kleinman et al, 1995 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an experiment examining the relative acute effects of inhalation of nitrates, sulfates, and coarse particles (produced by resuspending road dust ) in the lungs of rats, Kleinman et al ( 1995 ) found that all three exposures produced some effects consistent with lung injury, though those investigators inferred that the two fine -particle exposures were generally more potent in inducing such effects than the resuspended road dust. Both sulfate and road -dust exposures caused a significant suppression of alveolar macrophage function, while increased epithelial permeability was observed in rats exposed to road dust or to nitrates, but not sulfates (Kleinman et al, 1995 ). To the extent that coarse particles are capable of provoking or exacerbating a pulmonary inflammatory response, it is possible that they may, like fine particles, elicit effects on the cardiovascular system remote from the site of particle deposition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coarse and fine particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a follow-up study

Ostro

Broadwin

Lipsett

2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

128

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Many epidemiological studies provide evidence of an association between ambient particles, measured as PM10, and daily mortality. Most of these studies have been conducted in urban areas where PM10 is highly correlated with and dominated by fine particles less than 2.5 m in diameter ( PM2.5 ) . Fewer studies have investigated impacts associated with the fraction of coarse mode particles ( between 2.5 and 10 m in diameter ) . In a previous study using data from 1989 through 1992 in the Coachella Valley, a desert resort and retirement area east of Los Angeles, we reported associations between PM10 and several different measures of mortality [ Ostro B.D., Hurley S., and Lipsett M.J. Air pollution and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a study of PM10 dominated by coarse particles. Environ. Res. 1999: 81: 231 ± 238 ] . In this arid environment, coarse particles of geologic origin are highly correlated with and comprise approximately 60% of PM10, increasing to > 90% during wind events. This study was intended to repeat the earlier investigation using 10 years ( 1989 ± 1998 ) of daily data on mortality and PM10. The last 2.5 years of data also included daily measures of PM2.5, allowing examination of size -specific impacts. To ensure adequate statistical power, we attempted to develop predictive models for both fine and coarse particles to use in analyses of the full 10 -year period. An acceptable fit was found only for coarse particles, which were found to be a cubic function of PM10 ( R 2 = 0.95 ) . Outcome variables included several measures of daily mortality, including all -cause ( minus accidents and homicides ) , cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Multivariate Poisson regression analyses using generalized additive models were employed to explain the variation in these endpoints, controlling for temperature, humidity, day of the week, season, and time, using locally weighted smoothing techniques. Pollution lags of up to 4 days were examined. Several pollutants were associated with all -cause mortality, including PM2.5, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. More consistent results were found for cardiovascular -specific mortality, for which associations were found for coarse particles ( RR = 1.02; 95% C.I., 1.01 ± 1.04 ) , PM10 ( RR = 1.03; 95% C.I., 1.01 ± 1.05 ) . None of the pollutants was associated with respiratory -specific mortality. Ozone was not associated with any of the mortality outcomes. These findings are generally consistent with those we previously reported for the Coachella Valley for the period 1989 ± 1992, demonstrating associations between several measures of particulate matter and daily mortality in an environment in which particulate concentrations are dominated by the coarse fraction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coarse and fine particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a follow-up study

Ostro

Broadwin

Lipsett

2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (10) has noted that PM 10-2.5 deposited in the upper airways may be more relevant for asthmatic responses and irritation. Toxicologic studies have also found both sulfate and coarse particles (dominated by road dust) caused suppression of alveolar macrophage function in rats (11). Coarse particles may also contain endotoxin, a potent inflammatory agent derived from bacteria (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of ambient coarse particulate matter on asthma hospitalization in children: case-crossover and time-series analyses.

Lin

Chen

Burnett

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

175

101

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In this study, we used both case-crossover and time-series analyses to assess the associations between size-fractionated particulate matter and asthma hospitalization among children 6-12 years old living in Toronto between 1981 and 1993. Specifically, we used exposures averaged over periods varying from 1 to 7 days to assess the effects of particulate matter on asthma hospitalization. We calculated estimates of the relative risk of asthma hospitalization adjusted for daily weather conditions (maximum and minimum temperatures, and average relative humidity) for an incremental exposure corresponding to the interquartile range in particulate matter. Both bidirectional case-crossover and time-series analyses revealed that coarse particulate matter (PM10-2.5) averaged over 5-6 days was significantly associated with asthma hospitalization in both males and females. The magnitude of this effect appeared to increase with increasing number of days of exposure averaging for most models, with the relative risk estimates stabilizing at about 6 days. Using a bidirectional case-crossover analysis, the estimated relative risks were 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02, 1.28] for males and 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02, 1.36) for females, for an increment of 8.4 microg/m(3) in 6-day averages of PM10-2.5. The corresponding relative risk estimates were 1.10 and 1.18, respectively, when we used time-series analysis. The effect of PM10-2.5 remained positive after adjustment for the effects of the gaseous pollutants carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). We did not find significant effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) or of thoracic particulate matter (PM10) on asthma hospitalizations using either of these two analytic approaches. For the most part, relative risk estimates from the unidirectional case-crossover analysis were more pronounced compared with both bidirectional case-crossover and time-series analyses.

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“…Moreover, risk assessment of real-life mixtures such as the simultaneous intake of food additives (92), combined exposure to fine particles and gases in ambient air (46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57), and DBPs in drinking water (77,79,80) were addressed. Attention was also drawn to strategies for estimating public health effects of large airports (81,82,86) and the development of harmonized hazard classification criteria for chemical mixtures (108,109).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A restricted number of human studies have been conducted similar to Amdur's SO 2 interaction experiments (52-54), using acids and oxidants, but little evidence of synergism between PM and gases has been observed, perhaps because of the small numbers of subjects tested in most studies. Recently, in a 4-week inhalation study with 0.5-µm particles combined with exposure to carbon black (50-100 µg/m 3 ), ammonium bisulfate (70 µg/m 3 ), and ozone (0.15 ppm or 300 µg/m 3 ), the combination showed more deleterious effects than the components alone (55,56). The effects included decreased alveolar macrophage function and increased lung collagen concentration and lung cell turnover rates, although there were no indications for increased lung permeability and inflammation.…”

Section: Experimental Studies and Upcoming Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%