2022
DOI: 10.1530/etj-21-0024
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Cellular and molecular basis of thyroid autoimmunity

Abstract: Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common human autoimmune disease. The two major clinical manifestations of AITD are Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). AITD is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland, leading either to follicular cell damage, thyroid gland destruction, and development of hypothyroidism (in HT) or thyroid hyperplasia, induced by thyroid antibodies which activate thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) on thyrocytes, leading to hyperthyroidism. The aim of th… Show more

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Cited by 67 publications
(67 citation statements)
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“…However, this group had a more severe condition, thus, achieving mean TRAb levels similar to those of the MMI group, might supports the favorable impact of the supplementation. It should be recalled that TRAb synthesis is the culmination of a multi-step pathogenetic process that includes innate and cellular immunity in addition to the humoral counterpart ( 38 , 39 ). The combined treatment may have a stronger effect on cellular and innate immunity than on humoral immunity.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, this group had a more severe condition, thus, achieving mean TRAb levels similar to those of the MMI group, might supports the favorable impact of the supplementation. It should be recalled that TRAb synthesis is the culmination of a multi-step pathogenetic process that includes innate and cellular immunity in addition to the humoral counterpart ( 38 , 39 ). The combined treatment may have a stronger effect on cellular and innate immunity than on humoral immunity.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The pathogenesis of post-HSCT autoimmunity is believed to be multifactorial, involving genetic, infectious, hormonal, and other environmental factors [ 29 ]. Many variants of genes involved in immune responses (e.g., HLA, PTPN22 , CTLA4 , and IL2RA ), thyroid function (e.g., TSHR , FOXE1 ), and other processes (e.g., LPP , TRIB2 ) have been linked to autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions [ 3 ]. A large single-center study focused on post-HSCT thyroid autoimmunity, including Graves’ disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis, reported a 2.9% 5-year actuarial rate for autoimmune thyroid dysfunction post-allogeneic HSCT [ 20 ].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Genetic predisposition and nongenetic factors have been linked to Graves’ disease, resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormones by thyroid epithelial cells due to overactive thyrotropin receptor. Together with drastically amplified intrathyroidal cytokine production by infiltrating immune cells, thyrotropin receptor overactivity further activates and sustains inflammation to alter the behavior of thyroid epithelial cells [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) procedures, including cytoreductive therapies to condition and modulate graft–host interactions, represent artificial platforms for immune reconstitution and tolerance induction.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The mechanisms that lead to this loss of tolerance result from a complex interplay of environmental factors and genetic/epigenetic susceptibility. Recently, the microbiome has also been implicated 7…”
Section: Why Do People Develop Gd?mentioning
confidence: 99%