Cellular and Molecular Evidence of Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis and Treatment Challenges

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that impacts the central nervous system and can result in disability. Although the prevalence of MS has increased in India, diagnosis and treatment continue to be difficult due to several factors. The present study examines the difficulties in detecting and treating multiple sclerosis in India. A lack of MS knowledge among healthcare professionals and the general public, which delays diagnosis and treatment, is one of the significant issues. Inadequate numbers of neurologists and professionals with knowledge of MS management also exacerbate the situation. In addition, MS medications are expensive and not covered by insurance, making them inaccessible to most patients. Due to the absence of established treatment protocols and standards for MS care, India’s treatment techniques vary. In addition, India’s population diversity poses unique challenges regarding genetic variations, cellular and molecular abnormalities, and the potential for differing treatment responses. MS is more difficult to accurately diagnose and monitor due to a lack of specialized medical supplies and diagnostic instruments. Improved awareness and education among healthcare professionals and the general public, as well as the development of standardized treatment regimens and increased investment in MS research and infrastructure, are required to address these issues. By addressing these issues, it is anticipated that MS diagnosis and treatment in India will improve, leading to better outcomes for those affected by this chronic condition.

Guggulsterone selectively modulates STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-gamma signalling in a methylmercury-exposed experimental neurotoxicity: Evidence from CSF, blood plasma and brain samples

“…As a result, disease symptoms worsen, and the myelin sheath rapidly degrades and is engulfed by macrophages, increasing the demyelinating area [100,101]. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that MeHg+ demyelinates nerve cells in a mouse model of ALS [39].…”

Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Health: Review on Unraveling the Dementia Connection and Co-morbid Risks

“…Hormonal fluctuations, decreased physical activity, and alterations in body composition cause age-related fluctuations in the metabolism of individuals. These metabolic alterations may all impact dietary absorption, energy expenditure, and metabolic rate [ 96 ]. Age-related metabolic changes have been linked to a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in the elderly [ 97 ].…”

Identification of Y‒linked biomarkers and exploration of immune infiltration of normal-appearing gray matter in multiple sclerosis by bioinformatic analysis

“…Timely diagnosis of MS enables effective therapy and minimizes unpredictable dysfunction [ 3 ]. Efforts have been made to improve diagnostic criteria for MS recently [ 4 ]. The latest standard for MS diagnosis comprises clinical symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging lesions, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specific oligoclonal bands and exclusion of other diagnostic possibilities [ 5 ].…”

“…Besides, many other markers are impacted by treatment effects or lack specificity. Although developing reliable biomarkers remains challenging, continuing studies are making effort to address the unmet need for an accessible and accurate diagnostic approach for MS [ 3 , 4 ]. Notwithstanding specific triggers are still unexplicit, epidemiologic studies have considered that genetically predisposed individuals may develop MS for some certain environmental factors [ 10 ].…”