Cellular Defense of the Avian Respiratory System: Protection against Escherichia coli Airsacculitis by Pasteurella multocida-Activated Respiratory Phagocytes

Te, Toth; Veit, H. P.; Wb, Gross; Pb, Siegel

doi:10.2307/1590985

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Lastly, over the last few years, the concept of "preventive activation" of avian respiratory phagocytic cells as a means of promoting nonspecific defense of the respiratory tract against respiratory pathogens has been introduced (Toth et al, 1987(Toth et al, , 1988(Toth et al, , 1992. Our previous studies with the immunoprophylactic use of ILK (McGruder et al, 1993;Tellez et al, 1993;Kogut et al, 1994b) combined with the results presented here provide strong evidence that preventive activation may be applicable to protection against invasive Salmonella in the intestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Characterization of the Pattern of Inflammatory Cell Influx in Chicks Following the Intraperitoneal Administration of Live Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella enteritidis-Immune Lymphokines

et al. 1995

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We characterized the inflammatory cell influx in day-old chicks induced by the i.p. administration of live Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and lymphokines from concanavalin A-stimulated SE-immune T lymphocytes (ILK). An i.p. injection of ILK along with 5 x 10(3) cfu SE increased the survival rate of chicks 48 h later from 70% (ILK-treated controls) compared with 25% (saline-treated). The injection of both the ILK and live SE (but not formalin-killed SE) resulted in an increased influx of inflammatory heterophils into the peritoneum that peaked at 4 h after the injections with no increase in peritoneal macrophages. The heterophil accumulation was not influenced by polymyxin B, but was sensitive to heat treatment (100 C for 1 h) of the ILK, suggesting that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not contribute to the induced accumulation of heterophils. Treatment of the chicks with nordihydroguaiaretic acid or indomethacin did not abrogate the induced heterophil accumulation, suggesting that arachidonic acid metabolites were not involved in the SE/ILK-induced accumulation of peritoneal heterophils. The results from the current studies indicate that 1) ILK-mediated resistance to SE-induced mortality is mediated by a rapid influx of inflammatory heterophils to the site of infection; 2) live SE, during invasion, are vital for the site-directed migration of the heterophils; and 3) the mechanisms of induced heterophil accumulation are unknown but involve neither LPS nor arachidonic acid metabolites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Characterization of the Pattern of Inflammatory Cell Influx in Chicks Following the Intraperitoneal Administration of Live Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella enteritidis-Immune Lymphokines

et al. 1995

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“…Importantly, this response was only seen after administration of a relatively high number of stimulating live bacteria (> 10 8 ) and vanished within 3-4 days [78]. ARP elicited in this way showed increased phagocytic capacities in comparison to those obtained from control chicken [80,81]. Similar results were found after inoculation of Pasteurella multocida into the caudal thoracic air sac in turkeys.…”

Section: The Phagocyte System Of the Avian Lung And Air Sacsmentioning

confidence: 53%

The avian lung-associated immune system: a review

2006

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-The lung is a major target organ for numerous viral and bacterial diseases of poultry. To control this constant threat birds have developed a highly organized lung-associated immune system. In this review the basic features of this system are described and their functional properties discussed. Most prominent in the avian lung is the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) which is located at the junctions between the primary bronchus and the caudal secondary bronchi. BALT nodules are absent in newly hatched birds, but gradually developed into the mature structures found from 6-8 weeks onwards. They are organized into distinct B and T cell areas, frequently comprise germinal centres and are covered by a characteristic follicle-associated epithelium. The interstitial tissue of the parabronchial walls harbours large numbers of tissue macrophages and lymphocytes which are scattered throughout tissue. A striking feature of the avian lung is the low number of macrophages on the respiratory surface under non-inflammatory conditions. Stimulation of the lung by live bacteria but not by a variety of bacterial products elicits a significant efflux of activated macrophages and, depending on the pathogen, of heterophils. In addition to the cellular components humoral defence mechanisms are found on the lung surface including secretory IgA. The compartmentalisation of the immune system in the avian lung into BALT and non BALTregions should be taken into account in studies on the host-pathogen interaction since these structures may have distinct functional properties during an immune response.

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“…The peak of the cells' activity was recorded 6-8 hours after inoculation (Ochs et al 1998). The extent of FARM cells inflow was illustrated by Toth and Siegel (1988) based on the results of experiments with the use of live E. coli bacilli introduced to the trachea. The number of FARM cells was found to have increased 50-100 times after 24 hours post inoculation as compared to the control group.…”

Section: Basic Functional Dependencies Of Cells Involved In the Localmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

Smiałek¹,

Tykałowski²,

Stenzel³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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This review article presents fundamental mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity in selected regions of the respiratory tract in healthy birds and in some pathological conditions. The respiratory system, whose mucosa come into direct contact with microorganisms contaminating inhaled air, has some associated structures, such as Harderian gland (HG), conjunctive-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and paranasal glands (PG), whose participation in local mechanisms of the mucosal immunity has been corroborated by numerous scientific studies.The nasal mucosa, with structured clusters of lymphoid tissue (NALT -nasal-associated lymphoid tissue) is the first to come into contact with microorganisms which contaminate inhaled air. Lymphoid nodules, made up of B cells with frequently developed germinal centres (GC), surrounded by a coat of CD4 + cells, are the major NALT structures in chickens, whereas CD8 + cells are situated in the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity mucosa.Studies into respiratory system infections (e.g. Mycoplasma gallisepticum) have shown the reactivity of the tracheal mucosa to infection, despite a lack of essential lymphoid tissue.Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) takes part in bronchial immune processes and its structure, topography and ability to perform defensive function in birds is largely age-dependent. Mature BALT is covered by a delicate layer of epithelial cells, called follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). Germinal centres (GC), surrounded by CD4 + cells are developed in most mature BALT nodules, while CD8 + lymphocytes are dispersed among lymphoid nodules and in the epithelium, and they are rarely present in GC.Macrophages make up the first line of defence mechanisms through which the host rapidly responds to microorganisms and their products in the respiratory mucosal system. Another very important element are polymorphonuclear cells, with heterophils being the most important of them. Phagocytic cells obtained from lung lavages in birds are referred to as FARM (free avian respiratory macrophages). Their number in chickens and turkeys is estimated to be 20 times lower than that in mice and rats, which indicates a deficit in the first-line of defence in the birds' respiratory system.There are numerous B cells and antibody secreting cells (ASC) present throughout the respiratory system in birds. Their role comes down to perform antigen-specific protection by producing antibodies (IgM, IgY or IgA class) as a result of contact with pathogenic factors.

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Cellular Defense of the Avian Respiratory System: Protection against Escherichia coli Airsacculitis by Pasteurella multocida-Activated Respiratory Phagocytes

Cited by 30 publications

References 8 publications

Characterization of the Pattern of Inflammatory Cell Influx in Chicks Following the Intraperitoneal Administration of Live Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella enteritidis-Immune Lymphokines

Characterization of the Pattern of Inflammatory Cell Influx in Chicks Following the Intraperitoneal Administration of Live Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella enteritidis-Immune Lymphokines

The avian lung-associated immune system: a review

Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

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