Cellular DNA Content and the Evolution of Teleostean Fishes

Hinegardner, Ralph T.; Rosen, Donn Eric

doi:10.1086/282801

Cited by 414 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Variations in nuclear DNA content within a species Diploid Grass carp (7) Golden pheasant (20) Domestic chicken (25) Triploid Grass carp (14) Moluccan cockatoo ( 2 ) Common carp ( 5 ) Canebrake rattlesnake (1) Paddlefish (7) Northern watersnake (3) Sea lamprey (10) Hardhead catfish (1) Red-eared slider turtle (11) Spiny soft-shelled turtle (17) Pacific hagfish (12) Rainbow trout (9) Eastern box turtle (I) Domestic dog (2) Brown trout (3) Domestic swine (20) Domestic horse ( 5 ) Human (50) Domestic cattle ( 5 ) Northern cricket frog (2) Opossum (1) American toad (6) Fowler's toad (4) Atlantic stingray (1) Bullfrog ( 5 ) Marbled salamander (6) Red-spotted newt (2) Spotted salamander (4) 'This was a mean value; nine species of Xiphophorus were studied (16 stocks); among the different stocks DNA estimates varied from 1.48 pg to 1.56 pg (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference standards for flow cytometry and application in comparative studies of nuclear DNA content

et al. 1989

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Flow cytometry can be used to obtain high-resolution estimates of nuclear DNA content (8,12,27). Much of the work in this area has been confined to clinical studies in the human, but the technology has been extended to organisms such as pocket gophers (241, triploid trout ( 2 3 , side-necked turtles (61, sex-reversed horses (16), and oysters (1).In these and similar studies, the DNA content of target cells is quantified relative to a standard DNA content in cells from a reference species (13,14,28). Standards may be used as internal references, when target cells and reference cells are mixed together and assayed simultaneously, or as external references, when target cells and cells from the reference species are analyzed independently. When external references are used, the flow cytometer must be checked for equilibration between analyses.The standard can be used for several calculations. The standard can be assigned a known DNA mass, against which picogram quantities of nuclear DNA from target cells can be estimated directly (15). Alternatively, a standard could be used as an internal reference in the analysis of individual samples, following which the reference is cancelled during estimation of a DNA Index. An internal reference would also be cancelled during the calculation of picogram quantities of nuclear DNA relative to a separate standard that has a known DNA mass (and a known relationship to the internal reference). These last two calculations do not require knowledge of the precise DNA mass of the internal reference.Because the use of reference standards provides a relative measure of DNA content, it is crucial that the reference cells and the target cells have a similar DNA content to minimize possible zero shift error (28) and, in the case of a n internal reference, that the values for the reference and target cells do not overlap.In order to gather information relating to the selection of reference standards for use in flow cytometry, we have surveyed a wide spectrum of taxa representing each of the major vertebrate classes. Here we present the results of our survey in 45 species. These species were selected because of their broad distribution and general accessibility, and because they provide an array of fluorescence peaks spanning the range of DNA masses that might be encountered in comparative studies. ~~~

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference standards for flow cytometry and application in comparative studies of nuclear DNA content

et al. 1989

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“…Compared with the typical teleost fish, which has a genome size of ;1 Gbp (Hinegardner and Rosen 1972) (1 pg in C-values), the coelacanth genome is large (2.74 Gbp). We found that ;60% of the coelacanth genome consists of repetitive elements-including simple repeats, low-complexity regions, and small RNAs-which is higher than the corresponding percentage in frog (35%), chicken (9%), and mammalian (40%-50%) genomes (Supplemental Fig.…”

Section: Unique Features Of the Coelacanth Genomementioning

confidence: 97%

Coelacanth genomes reveal signatures for evolutionary transition from water to land

et al. 2013

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Coelacanths are known as ''living fossils,'' as they show remarkable morphological resemblance to the fossil record and belong to the most primitive lineage of living Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods). Coelacanths may be key to elucidating the tempo and mode of evolution from fish to tetrapods. Here, we report the genome sequences of five coelacanths, including four Latimeria chalumnae individuals (three specimens from Tanzania and one from Comoros) and one L. menadoensis individual from Indonesia. These sequences cover two African breeding populations and two known extant coelacanth species. The genome is~2.74 Gbp and contains a high proportion (~60%) of repetitive elements. The genetic diversity among the individuals was extremely low, suggesting a small population size and/or a slow rate of evolution. We found a substantial number of genes that encode olfactory and pheromone receptors with features characteristic of tetrapod receptors for the detection of airborne ligands. We also found that limb enhancers of bmp7 and gli3, both of which are essential for limb formation, are conserved between coelacanth and tetrapods, but not ray-finned fishes. We expect that some tetrapod-like genes may have existed early in the evolution of primitive Sarcopterygii and were later co-opted to adapt to terrestrial environments. These coelacanth genomes will provide a cornerstone for studies to elucidate how ancestral aquatic vertebrates evolved into terrestrial animals.

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“…These include morphological and behavioral adaptations; notably, the production of weak electric signals that are used for intraspecific recognition, communication and prey localization (Nelson, 2006). A number of gymnotiform species have been analyzed cytogenetically and shown a variety of diploid chromosome numbers, ranging from 2n ¼ 22 described in Apteronotus albifrons (Hinegard and Rosen, 1972) to 2n ¼ 54 in Gymnotus carapo (Foresti et al, 1984). The presence of differentiated sex chromosomes is not widespread across this order; however, a number of different sex-determining systems have been described .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent fusions and recent origins of sex chromosomes in the evolution and diversification of glass knife fishes (Eigenmannia)

et al. 2010

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The genus Eigenmannia comprises several species groups that display a surprising variety of diploid chromosome numbers and sex-determining systems. In this study, hypotheses regarding phylogenetic relationships and karyotype evolution were investigated using a combination of molecular and cytogenetic methods. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed for 11 cytotypes based on sequences from five mitochondrial DNA regions. Parsimony-based character mapping of sex chromosomes confirms previous suggestions of multiple origins of sex chromosomes. Molecular cytogenetic analyses involved chromosome painting using probes derived from whole sex chromosomes from two taxa that were hybridized to metaphases of their respective sister cytotypes. These analyses showed that a multiple XY system evolved recently (o7 mya) by fusion. Furthermore, one of the chromosomes that fused to form the neo-Y chromosome is fused independently to another chromosome in the sister cytotype. This may constitute an efficient post-mating barrier and might imply a direct function of sex chromosomes in the speciation processes in Eigenmannia. The other chromosomal sexdetermination system investigated is shown to have differentiated by an accumulation of heterochromatin on the X chromosome. This has occurred in the past 0.6 my, and is the most recent chromosomal sex-determining system described to date. These results show that the evolution of sexdetermining systems can proceed very rapidly.

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Cellular DNA Content and the Evolution of Teleostean Fishes

Cited by 414 publications

References 17 publications

Reference standards for flow cytometry and application in comparative studies of nuclear DNA content

Reference standards for flow cytometry and application in comparative studies of nuclear DNA content

Coelacanth genomes reveal signatures for evolutionary transition from water to land

Independent fusions and recent origins of sex chromosomes in the evolution and diversification of glass knife fishes (Eigenmannia)

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