Cellular Immune Response in Young Children Accounts for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media

Sharma, Sharad; Pichichero, Michael E.

doi:10.1007/s11882-013-0370-z

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…We recently found that APCs of low vaccine responding infants modeled a neonatal state in at least two aspects. Specifically, we found lower expression of MHC II, as shown in Figure 6[26], as well as lower levels of CD80/86 also seen by others [79, 97, 98]. We also found significantly impaired uptake of OVA-FITC in low vaccine responding infants’ peripheral blood mDCs and monocytes but not pDCs along with lower APC percentages (data not shown).…”

Section: Apc Functionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…These same children have CD4 + T-cell memory recall responses to PT, FHA and PRN that are significantly inferior in quality as compared to adult responses[22]. We are calling these children “low vaccine responders” (LVR), as compared to “normal vaccine responders” (NVR), and have observed that they have features resembling a neonate’s immune system[21–26]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically we found low or absent antibody and cellular responses to vaccine candidate antigens PhtD, PhtE, Ply and LytB but less so to PcpA of Streptococcus pneumoniae [24, 27] and to protein D and OMP26 but less so to P6 of Haemophilus influenzae [28, 29]. Also, the children exhibited poor antigen-specific memory T-cell responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae antigens, although they responded normally to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, suggesting the primary immune defect might involve multiple factors such as poor antigen presenting cell (APC) function, altered innate responses or lower toll-like receptor expression [22, 23, 26, 32, 33]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children

Pichichero

2014

Vaccine

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All neonates, infants and young children receive multiple priming doses and booster vaccinations in the 1st and 2nd year of life to prevent infections by viral and bacterial pathogens. Despite high vaccine compliance, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable infections are occurring worldwide. These data strongly argue for an improved understanding of the immune responses of neonates, infants and young children to vaccine antigens and further study of the exploitable mechanisms to achieve more robust and prolonged immunity with fewer primary and booster vaccinations in the pediatric population. This review will focus on our recent work involving infant and young child immunity following routine recommended vaccinations. The discussion will address vaccine responses with respect to four areas: (1) systemic antibody responses, (2) memory B-cell generation, (3) CD4 T-cell responses, and (4) APC function.

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Section: Apc Functionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children

Pichichero

2014

Vaccine

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“…Generally, ineffective B cell responses lead to a decreased IgG response to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection [96], which is accounting for the incidence of otitis in young children [97, 98]. HIV-infection is associated with the depletion of memory B cells in children compared with those in healthy control children [99].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the setting of HIV-1 infection

Zhang

Wan

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus) remains one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infection in the general population, and the risk is 30-100 fold higher in HIV-infected individuals. Both innate and adaptive host immune responses to pneumococcal infection are important against pathogen invasion. Pneumococcal-specific IgA antibody (Ab) is key to control infection at the mucosal sites. Ab responses against pneumococcal infection by B cells can be generated through T cell-dependent or T cell-independent pathways. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is a hallmark of immunodeficiency in HIV infection and this defect also contributes to B cell dysfunction, which predisposes to infections such as the pneumococcus. Two pneumococcal vaccines have been demonstrated to have potential benefits for HIV-infected patients. One is a T cell dependent 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13); the other is a T cell independent 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). However, many questions remain unknown regarding these two vaccines in the clinical setting in HIV disease. Here we review the latest research regarding B cell immune responses against pneumococcal antigens, whether derived from potentially invading pathogens or vaccinations, in the setting of HIV-1 infection.

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“…120 Cell-mediated immunity is also important for host defense against bacterial infection. Malley, et al reported that sustainable immunity to pneumococcal colonization could be induced in the absence of pneumococcal antibody, independent of the capsular polysaccharide antigens.…”

Section: The Potential Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Does Tympanostomy Tube Placement in Children Teach Us About the Association Between Atopic Conditions and Otitis Media?

Juhn

2014

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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Otitis media is the most common infection second only to viral upper respiratory infection in the outpatient setting. Tympanostomy tube insertion (TTI) is the most common ambulatory surgical procedure in the United States. While many risk factors for otitis media have been identified, atopic conditions have been under-recognized as risk factors for recurrent and persistent otitis media. Given that asthma and other atopic conditions are the most common chronic conditions during childhood, it is worth examining the association between atopic conditions and risk of otitis media, which can provide insight into how atopic conditions influence the risk of microbial infections. This paper focuses its discussion on otitis media, however it is important that the association between atopic conditions and risk of otitis media be interpreted in the context of the association of atopic conditions with increased risks of various microbial infections.

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Cellular Immune Response in Young Children Accounts for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media

Cited by 33 publications

References 70 publications

Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children

Challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children

Humoral immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the setting of HIV-1 infection

What Does Tympanostomy Tube Placement in Children Teach Us About the Association Between Atopic Conditions and Otitis Media?

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