Cellular Migration of Intestinal Epithelia in Suckling and Weaned Rats

Koldovský, Otakar; Sunshine, Philip; Kretchmer, Norman

doi:10.1038/2121389a0

Cited by 137 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It is unclear whether the intestinal epithelium of the infant can respond to injury to the same extent as the adult. In animals, infant intestinal epithelium turnover is much slower (4-5 d) than the adult (2 d) [49] . If the same finding holds true in humans, regeneration of injured mucosa in the infant will be much slower than the adult.…”

Section: Immature Intestinal Motility Digestion and Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrotizing enterocolitis: A multifactorial disease with no cure

Schnabl

Aerde²,

Thomson³

et al. 2008

WJG

163

120

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INTRODUCTIONNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel disease of neonates and remains one of the most common gastrointestinal emergencies in newborn infants [1] . Onset of NEC is often within the first three months of life and neonates who are of extremely low birth weight (< 1000 g) and under 28 wk gestation are the most susceptible [2] . Full term neonates account for 10% of all NEC cases while premature infants account for 90% [3] . With an incidence rate of 1%-5% for all newborns admitted to the NICU [1] , a prevalence of 7%-14% of very low birth weight infants (VLBW, 500-1500 g) [4] and a mortality rate approaching 20%-50% [5] , NEC continues to represent a significant clinical problem. In Canada, the incidence rate is 1.8 per 100 live births with a prevalence of 7% of VLBW infants [1] . Advances in obstetric and neonatal care have improved survival rates for smaller, more immature infants, and as more VLBW preterm infants survive the neonatal period, the population at risk for NEC increases [1] .No consistent association between sex, race, and rates of NEC has been identified. However, male VLBW infants and black infants are at greater risk of death [6] . Due to inadequate treatments and no effective preventative strategy, an estimated 20%-40% of babies with NEC require surgery [1] and 10%-30% experience significant morbidity including neurodevelopmental impairment, vision and hearing impairment, failure to thrive, feeding abnormalities, diarrhea, bowel obstruction, and short bowel syndrome [1,2,7] . The case fatality rate with surgical intervention is as high as 50% [1] . NEC is also a financial burden to the health care system with yearly hospital charges reported to be as high as $6.5 million in the US [8] . Thus, NEC continues to be an important health issue for preterm neonates. DIAGNOSIS Clinical signs and symptomsThe onset of NEC can occur suddenly within a few AbstractNecrotizing enterocolitis is an inflammatory bowel disease of neonates with significant morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Due to the multifactorial nature of the disease and limitations in disease models, early diagnosis remains challenging and the pathogenesis elusive. Although preterm birth, hypoxic-ischemic events, formula feeding, and abnormal bacteria colonization are established risk factors, the role of genetics and vasoactive/inflammatory mediators is unclear. Consequently, treatments do not target the specific underlying disease processes and are symptomatic and surgically invasive. Breast-feeding is the most effective preventative measure. Recent advances in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis have focused on bioactive nutrients and trophic factors in human milk. Development of new disease models including the aspect of prematurity that consistently predisposes neonates to the disease with multiple risk factors will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and lead to discovery of innovative therapeutics.

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Section: Immature Intestinal Motility Digestion and Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrotizing enterocolitis: A multifactorial disease with no cure

Schnabl

Aerde²,

Thomson³

et al. 2008

WJG

163

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Increases are observed in villus height, crypt depth, numbers of villi/cross sectional area, cells/crypt, cells/villi, and crypts/villi. Crypt depth in calves and lambs (Moon and Joel, 1975), pigs (Moon, 1971), rats (Koldovsky et al, 1966), and chickens (Moon and Skartvedt, 1975) was observed to increase during the first few weeks after birth. Although cellular proliferation, and thus resulting growth, is an important feature of the small intestine at this time, there are also marked changes in mucosal structure occurring that appear to differ among species.…”

Section: Chapter II Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenesis of peptide transport and morphological changes in the ovine gastrointestinal tract

Poole

Wong

McElroy

et al. 2003

Small Ruminant Research

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Nutrient absorption is important in all stages of life. As the diet of an animal changes from birth on, morphological and biochemical adaptation can be anticipated in order to accommodate changing demands. The main focus of the present study was to examine the relationship between age and diet on the potential for peptide transport via PepT1 in the gastrointestinal tract of lambs and to relate changes of peptide transport capability to morphological changes. A 2x4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with 32 crossbred lambs. Four blocks were created based upon gender, birth type (single or twin), birth weight, and birth date. Lambs were randomly allotted at birth to receive or not to receive a creep diet. All lambs were allowed to nurse. Sampling times of 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk were randomly allotted to lambs. Samples for RNA extraction and histological evaluation were taken from the dorsal rumen, ventral rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Villi were about 7% shorter (P < 0.09) in lambs receiving creep feed. Papillary height and width increased linearly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) with age. Total and keratinized epithelial cells in the stomach decreased (P < 0.03 and P < 0.004, respectively) with age and were fewer (P < 0.0002 and P < 0.0001, respectively) in lambs receiving creep feed. Creep feeding appears to have slightly altered the mucosal structure of the small intestine and it was advantageous in that it iii stimulated papillary growth and thus predisposed the rumen for the introduction of feed into the diet. A 2.8 kb oPepT1 mRNA was present in all tissues studied by 2 wk, and age did not significantly influence the abundance of oPepT1 mRNA in the small intestine or stomach. In the small intestine, abundance of oPepT1 mRNA was greatest (P < 0.0007) in the jejunum. In the stomach, abundance of oPepT1 mRNA was greatest (P < 0.01) in the dorsal rumen. In the stomach, particularly in the rumen, a greater abundance of oPepT1 mRNA was observed in lambs not receiving the creep diet. It seems likely that a stimulus for development is coming from the non-luminal direction, possibly bloodborne, and may be involved in the ontogenesis of oPepT1. Peptide transport appears to be a physiologically important process in the young lamb and the rumen appears to be involved in the transport of peptides, particularly in nursing lambs.

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“…After birth, continuous proliferation of epithelial cells occurs only in the lower regions of the crypts (4,5), and cells migrate from there onto and along the villi, eventually being extruded from the tips into the lumen of the intestine. In adult rats and mice the generation time for the crypt cells is 10-14 hr (6), and the transit time along the length of the villus is approximately 48 hr (7). The characteristics of proliferation and migration of enterocytes in adult animals are dealt with in detail in the review by Lipkin (8).…”

Section: Morphologic Development Of the Intestinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In neonatal rats, generation and migration of the cells is much slower than in adults. Despite the fact that the neonatal villi are shorter, the transit time is at least % hr (7,9). During the third postnatal week there are significant changes in both cell kinetics and mor- phology leading to the more rapid proliferation and the longer villi and crypts that are characteristic of the adult animal (9).…”

Section: Morphologic Development Of the Intestinementioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry of Intestinal Development

Henning¹

1979

Environmental Health Perspectives

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In biochemical terms, the rat small intestine is relatively immature at birth and for the first two postnatal weeks. Then during the third week a dramatic array ofenzymic changes begins, and by the end ofthe fourth week the intestine has the digestive and absorptive properties of the adult. Selective examples of these changes are discussed with emphasis on their implications for toxicological studies. The review also includes a detailed consideration of the roles of the dietary change of weaning and of glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones in the regulation of intestinal development.My aim in this paper is to use the rat as a model system for a discussion of the postnatal development of small intestinal function. Factors which affect the developmental process will be reviewed in terms of their implications for toxicological studies. Morphologic Development of the IntestineBy the time of birth, the intestinal mucosa of the rat displays a high level of structural development characterized by villi lined with a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which have well-defined microvilli at their absorptive surface (1-3). After birth, continuous proliferation of epithelial cells occurs only in the lower regions of the crypts (4, 5), and cells migrate from there onto and along the villi, eventually being extruded from the tips into the lumen of the intestine. In adult rats and mice the generation time for the crypt cells is 10-14 hr (6), and the transit time along the length of the villus is approximately 48 hr (7). The characteristics of proliferation and migration of enterocytes in adult animals are dealt with in detail in the review by Lipkin (8). In neonatal rats, generation and migration of the cells is much slower than in adults. Despite the fact that the neonatal villi are shorter, the transit time is at least % hr (7, 9). During the third postnatal week there are significant changes in both cell kinetics and mor-

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Cellular Migration of Intestinal Epithelia in Suckling and Weaned Rats

Cited by 137 publications

References 8 publications

Necrotizing enterocolitis: A multifactorial disease with no cure

Necrotizing enterocolitis: A multifactorial disease with no cure

Ontogenesis of peptide transport and morphological changes in the ovine gastrointestinal tract

Biochemistry of Intestinal Development

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