Cellular Mutagenicity and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Leachates Extracted from the Fly and Bottom Ash Derived from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

Chen, Po−Wen; Liu, Zhen-Shu; Wun, Min-Jie; Kuo, Tai-Chen

doi:10.3390/ijerph13111078

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our investigations showed that ashes produced from thermally unconverted biomass had higher leachability of heavy metals. [3,11,58]. On the other hand, taking into account regulatory limits (2003/33/EC), the not-hazardous limits for leachates for Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb are: 4 mg, 5 mg, 0.6 mg, and 5 mg/ kg, respectively.…”

Section: Leachability Ph and Ec Of Heavy Metals In Biomass Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, biomass is considered one of the most promising sources of the renewable energy, especially in the case of small-scale boilers used for municipal heating. It is worth mentioning that biomass is also widely used in the production of electricity and district heat, reducing the emission of carbon dioxide [1][2][3][4]. The worldwide technological development accompanied by a continuous increase of energy consumption as well as the need to implement provisions of the Kyoto Protocol cause a steadily increasing interest in the use of energy from renewable sources [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomass as a source of energy can be either the waste from the wood processing and farming (e.g.. bark, sawdust, and straw) or a product obtained intentionally (energy crops) [3,9]. Another branch of production from which significant amounts of energy can be received is the poultry industry [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of energy parameters of biomass and biochars, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of their ashes

Mierzwa–Hersztek

Gondek

Jewiarz

et al. 2019

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

104

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The aim of this study was to determine selected energy parameters, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of biomass ash for different types of plant biomass (wheat straw, miscanthus straw, bark and sawdust) and poultry manure, as well as biochars produced from them. Based on data from proximate and ultimate analysis of the investigated materials, fuel value index (FVI) was calculated to determine their suitability for energy production. The ashes were analyzed for both chemical composition and leaching behavior. The phytotoxicity test of aqueous ash extracts was performed for Lepidium sativum L. It was found that the calorific value of biochars was higher on average by 36% than the value determined for feedstocks used in the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis of organic materials resulted in the reduction of the volatile matter content. The gross calorific value was determined in biochars formed from miscanthus straw and sawdust which were 26.6 and 23.4 MJ kg −1 , respectively. Leachability of heavy metals of biomass ash was highly diverse and depended on the analyzed element and the material type. The phytotoxicity analysis showed that, in general, each of the ash extracts tested had a positive effect on the growth of Lepidium sativum L. compared to the control. The use of ash, fertilizer, or sorbents can be an interesting alternative for materials with high ash content. In all these cases, biochars seem to be very attractive materials that can be used not only in energy production. Given the high carbon content of biochar obtained in the pyrolysis process, it has a high-energy potential and can be used as a biofuel.

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Section: Leachability Ph and Ec Of Heavy Metals In Biomass Ashmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of energy parameters of biomass and biochars, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of their ashes

Mierzwa–Hersztek

Gondek

Jewiarz

et al. 2019

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A few papers, for example, have suggested that, though the TCLP leaching concentrations of heavy metals from cyclone ash, scrubber ash, and bottom ash met relevant regulations, their leachates still showed evident biotoxicity toward experimental subjects such as Escherichia coli DH5, Bacillus subtilis , wheat seeds, etc. [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Furthermore, fly ash would suffer a high-temperature thermal process when it was reutilized as an alternative to some mineral materials for producing construction materials such as ceramic bricks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solidification and Biotoxicity Assessment of Thermally Treated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash

Gong

Deng

Yang

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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In the present work, thermal treatment was used to stabilize municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, which was considered hazardous waste. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results indicated that, after the thermal process, the leaching concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn decreased from 8.08 to 0.16 mg/L, 0.12 to 0.017 mg/L and 0.39 to 0.1 mg/L, respectively, which well met the limits in GB5085.3-2007 and GB16689-2008. Thermal treatment showed a negative effect on the leachability of Cr with concentrations increasing from 0.1 to 1.28 mg/L; nevertheless, it was still under the limitations. XRD analysis suggested that, after thermal treatments, CaO was newly generated. CaO was a main contribution to higher Cr leaching concentrations owing to the formation of Cr (VI)—compounds such as CaCrO4. SEM/EDS tests revealed that particle adhesion, agglomeration, and grain growth happened during the thermal process and thus diminished the leachability of Pb, Cu, and Zn, but these processes had no significant influence on the leaching of Cr. A microbial assay demonstrated that all thermally treated samples yet possessed strong bactericidal activity according to optical density (OD) test results. Among all samples, the OD value of raw fly ash (RFA) was lowest followed by FA700-10, FA900-10, and FA1100-10 in an increasing order, which indicated that the sequence of the biotoxicity for these samples was RFA > FA700-10 > FA900-10 > FA1100-10. This preliminary study indicated that, apart from TCLP criteria, the biotoxicity assessment was indispensable for evaluating the effect of thermal treatment for MSWI fly ash.

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“…ESPs have been industrially used to eliminate polluting particles in gases since the beginning of the 20th century [1][2][3][4]. They are durable, relatively simple to maintain, cost-effective and present a high collection efficiency, typically 80% per step.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Digitally Controlled Power Converter for an Electrostatic Precipitator

et al. 2017

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Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are devices used in industry to eliminate polluting particles in gases. In order to supply them, an interface must be included between the three-phase main line and the required high DC voltage of tens of kilovolts. This paper describes an 80-kW power supply for such an application. Its structure is based on the series parallel resonant converter with a capacitor as output filter (PRC-LCC), which can adequately cope with the parasitic elements of the step-up transformer involved. The physical implementation of the prototype includes the use of silicon carbide-SiC-semiconductors, which provide better switching capabilities than their traditional silicon-Si-counterparts. As a result, a new control strategy results as a better alternative in which the resonant current is maintained in phase with the first harmonic of the inverter voltage. Although this operation mode imposes hard switching in one of the inverter legs, it minimizes the reactive energy that circulates through the resonant tank, the resonant current amplitude itself and the switching losses. Overall efficiency of the converter benefits from this. These ideas are supported mathematically using the steady state and dynamic models of the topology. They are confirmed with experimental measurements that include waveforms, Bode plots and thermal behavior. The experimental setup delivers 80 kW with an estimated efficiency of 98%.

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Cellular Mutagenicity and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Leachates Extracted from the Fly and Bottom Ash Derived from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

Assessment of energy parameters of biomass and biochars, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of their ashes

Assessment of energy parameters of biomass and biochars, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of their ashes

Solidification and Biotoxicity Assessment of Thermally Treated Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash

A Digitally Controlled Power Converter for an Electrostatic Precipitator

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