Cellular responses to temperature stress in steelhead trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) parr with different rearing histories

Abstract

This study compared the heat-shock response and metabolic energy status in hatcheryraised and two groups of wild-caught steelhead trout parr collected from the Navarro River watershed, California. Wild parr were from coastal and inland sites with different thermal regimes. Fish were exposed in the laboratory to 25 ± 0.2°C for 2-h and the heat-shock response was assessed in muscle tissue via induction of heatshock proteins (hsps) 63, 72, 78, and 89. Metabolic measurements included muscle phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, ADP, and AMP, and hepatic glycogen. Inland and coastal fish overlapped considerably with regard to their hsp responses and energetic endpoints, but hatchery fish were distinct in the biochemical patterns they exhibited. Hsp expression levels after temperature shock were significantly lower in hatchery than in wild fish. Hatchery fish also had significantly lower hepatic glycogen and higher muscle ADP, ATP, and PCr concentrations than wild fish. Coastal and inland steelhead did not differ significantly with regard to peak hsp72 and hsp89 levels or to concentrations of energy metabolites. However, fish from the warm-water, inland site expressed significantly less hsp63, maintained higher basal levels of hsp72, and induced hsp89 more slowly than fish from the cold-water, coastal site. Discriminant function analysis revealed that hatchery fish can be distinguished from wild Navarro River fish with 84.9% certainty using the following function: f(x) = -43.6 + 0.14(Gly) + 4.1(PCr) + 186.4 (AMP) + 80.8(ADP) -0.14(hsp63) + 0.005 (hsp72). This study demonstrates that within a single species, rearing conditions or genetic variation can influence an organism's disposition and cellular response to thermal stress. Extrapolation of results from laboratory studies on hatchery fish to wild fish may therefore not be possible, and caution must be used when interpreting hsp data obtained for wild fish with different thermal histories.

Comparison of Growth and Stress in Resident Redband Trout Held in Laboratory Simulations of Montane and Desert Summer Temperature Cycles

“…The increased elevation of heat-shock proteins in desert simulations is in line with observations by others that report heat-shock proteins elevate in response to thermal stress (Werner et al 2005(Werner et al , 2006. The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors including heat stress (Kllemade and Mothersill 2001), and the heat-shock proteins are the most important cellular defenses to chaperone proteins and to prevent and repair the damaging effects of high temperature (Feder 1999;Barton et al 2002;Werner et al 2006).…”

The role of stress proteins in the adaptation to the environment: implications for ecophysiology, ecotoxicology, and evolutionary biology

“…Selbst wenn Chemikalien auf der Basis von ausführlichen chemischen Analysen im Laborversuch eindosiert oder über Monate etablierte Mesokosmen (Fließrinnen) eingesetzt werden, entspricht die Stressantwort der exponierten Organismen nur ansatzweise den Verhältnissen im Freiland Schirling et al 2006;Werner et al 2006). Lediglich besonders naturnahe Mesokosmen (z.…”

Subcellular energy balance of Odontesthes bonariensis exposed to a glyphosate-based herbicide

“…Other reports indicate changes in ATP levels in fish muscle and brain under hypoxic conditions (Vetter and Hodson, 1982;Renshaw et al, 2002). Also, changes have been reported in the adenylate levels of Onchorynchus mykiss in response to heat stress (Werner et al, 2006) and to environmental pH in juvenile Salmo salar (Waiwood et al, 1992).…”

“…Samples of muscle and liver were processed according to Werner et al (2006). These samples were pulverized in a mortar under liquid nitrogen, and extracted with HClO 4 0.4 M (in a ratio of 10 mL per gram of tissue).…”

“…The quantifications were performed using gradient elution with a mobile phase containing 35 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , 6 mM tetrabutylammonium; mobile phase/acetonitrile gradient 95:5 to 75:25. Detection: 210 nm for 0-10 min and 254 nm after 10 min (Ally and Park, 1992;Werner et al, 2006).…”