Cellular Retinoid-Binding Proteins

Chytil, Frank; Ong, David E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-658102-7.50009-9

Cited by 95 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The much higher RA sensitivity of the head anlagen as compared to the tail, despite comparable amounts of xRAR-39 mRNA at both ends of the embryo (Figs. 4d,e and 6c), could be explained if an endogenous source of retinoids were normally located closer to the posterior end of the embryo, at least during the RA-sensitive phase of specification of the anteroposterior axis (Durston et al .1989;Sive et al 1990). Moreover, the local concentration of free RA might be regulated by the abundance of CRABP (Chytyl and Ong 1984;Eichele 1989) or of RA-metabolizing enzymes. In addition, the same receptor in the presence or absence of its ligand could have antagonistic effects, as documented in the instance of the thyroid hormone receptor (Baniahmad et al 1990).…”

Section: The Effects Of Exogenous Ra On Embryogenesis Might Be Mediatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both cellular RA-binding proteins (CRABP) (Chytyl and Ong 1984) and nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) have been identified in vertebrates (Petkovich et al 1987;Brand et al 1988;Giguere et al 1987;Krust et al 1989;Ragsdale et al 1989;Zelent et al 1989;Kastner et al 1990). The discovery that RARs belong to the superfamily of ligand-dependent DNA-binding proteins with a Zn-finger domain implies that RA acts as a modulator of the activity of specific target genes (Evans 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A retinoic acid receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis.

Ellinger‐Ziegelbauer

Dreyer²

1991

Genes Dev.

102

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We have isolated cDNAs coding for a putative retinoic acid receptor (RAR) of the 7-type from a Xenopus laevis neurula cDNA library. By transient cotransfection of COS cells with an expression vector and a reporter plasmid, this cDNA is shown to direct the synthesis of a retinoic acid-dependent transcription factor. In embryos of X. laevis, transcription of the corresponding gene is greatly enhanced during gastrulation and early neurulation. Two distinct areas with high abundance of RAR 7 mRNA are located at the anterior and at the posterior end of the neurula. The two maxima have emerged by the end of gastrulation and they become more pronounced during neurulation. At tailbud and early tadpole stages, the RAR transcripts are found mainly in the head mesenchyme and in the tailbud. The expression of this RAR is region-specific but not germ-layer-specific. The strong and stage-specific activation of zygotic transcription of this RAR gene, and the specific localization of the mRNA are consistent with the temporal and spatial pattern of retinoic acid sensitivity of X. laevis embryos. Therefore it is likely that the gene product mediates the effects of endogenous and of exogenous retinoic acid on early embryogenesis of Xenopus. The significance of these findings for the specification of the anteroposterior axis is discussed.[Key Words: Xenopus-, retinoic acid receptor; anteroposterior axis; in situ hybridization]

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Section: The Effects Of Exogenous Ra On Embryogenesis Might Be Mediatmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A retinoic acid receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis.

Ellinger‐Ziegelbauer

Dreyer²

1991

Genes Dev.

102

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“…For example, RA is a powerful teratogen for developing embryos in various animal species, and it is required for visual and reproductive activities as well as epithelial differentiation. Cellular retinoic acid binding protein-I (CRABP-I) is one of the cytosolic binding proteins (Chytil and Ong, 1984) for retinoic acid (RA). Based on studies of its expression patterns in embryos (Dolle et al, 1990;Wei et al, 1991) and the phenotypes associated with an alteration in its level of expression (Boylan and Gudas, 1991;Wei et al, 1992), it is proposed that this protein may be involved in modulating intracellular RA concentration through a trapping mechanism.…”

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confidence: 99%

Demethylation in the 5′‐flanking region of mouse cellular retinoic acid binding protein‐I gene is associated with its high level of expression in mouse embryos and facilitates its induction by retinoic acid in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells

Wei

Lee

1994

Developmental Dynamics

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The mouse cellular retinoic acid binding protein-I (CRABP-I) gene is specifically up-regulated by retinoic acid (RA) in P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells, and its expression in animals is spatially and temporally restricted to RA-sensitive tissues during embryonic development. This study demonstrates that, in adult mouse tissues and P19 cells where the expression of CRABP-I is detected at the basal level, the 5'-flanking region of the CRABP-I gene is hypermethylated at the C residues of all the H p a I1 sites. Conversely, in mouse embryos during early stages of development when the expression of CRABP-I gene is detected at a much higher level, this region is demethylated at these H p a I1 sites. In P19, enhancement on the RA-induced up-regulation of CRABP-I can be observed in cells treated with 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) in conjunction with RA, where partial demethylation in the 5'-flanking region of CRABP-I gene is observed. Nuclear run-on experiments indicate that increased message levels of CRABP-I in P19 cells can be accounted for, at least partially, by increases in its transcription rates. The induction of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) p by RA can also be enhanced by 5-AzaC, but to a much lesser degree. In contrast, all the H p a I1 sites in the structural gene portion, at least in the first two exons, are fully demethylated at the C residues. o 1994 WiIey-Liss, Inc.

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“…A second group of proteins involved in the molecular mechanism of action of RA are the cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs). The two isoforms characterized to date, referred to as CRABP-I (Chytil and Ong, 1984) and CRABP-I1 (GiguBre et al, 19901, are small (approxi-mately 16 kDa) structurally related cytoplasmic proteins which bind RA with high affinity. Unlike CRABP-I, CRABP-I1 mRNA levels have been shown to increase in tissues and cell lines of various origins, including F9 teratocarcinoma cells (Giguere et al, 1990), P19 embryonal carcinoma cells (Durand et al, 1992), adult human skin, skin fibroblasts (Astrom et al, 1991;Zhou et al, 1992), and lesional hyperplastic psoriatic skin (Didierjean et al, 1991) following treatment with RA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of CRABP‐I and CRABP‐II mRNA in the early mouse embryo by whole‐mount in situ hybridization: Implications for teratogenesis and neural development

Lyn

Giguère

1994

Developmental Dynamics

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Retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated in vertebrate neural pattern formation. In this paper we analysed the expression patterns of the cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABP‐I and II) during early morphogenesis in normal and RA‐treated mouse embryos by whole‐mount in situ hybridization. This technique allowed a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in mRNA expression pattern. Both CRABPs were expressed in a rhombomere specific pattern; putative neural crest cells in the branchial arches expressed the CRABPs at levels corresponding to the rhombomere from which they were derived. CRABP‐II, but not CRABP‐I, was expressed in the neural epithelium caudal to the hindbrain. CRABP‐I is strongly expressed in a fine net‐like pattern which extends from the caudal diencephalon to the rostral hindbrain and remains predominantly dorsal to the lateral midline of the neural tube. This network corresponds to the pattern formed by the putative first axons of the embryonic mouse brain which are produced by the developing neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Although the expression of CRABP‐I was unaffected by a teratogenic dose of RA, CRABP‐II expression was increased slightly with no alteration in the normal spatial or temporal boundaries. These results support the suggestion that the CRABPs may play an important role in modulating endogenous RA levels, particularly in the developing nervous system and its neural crest derivatives. Furthermore, the limited ability of CRABP mRNA levels to respond to exogenous retinoids may be a factor in retinoid teratogenicity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Cellular Retinoid-Binding Proteins

Cited by 95 publications

References 99 publications

A retinoic acid receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis.

A retinoic acid receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis.

Demethylation in the 5′‐flanking region of mouse cellular retinoic acid binding protein‐I gene is associated with its high level of expression in mouse embryos and facilitates its induction by retinoic acid in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells

Localization of CRABP‐I and CRABP‐II mRNA in the early mouse embryo by whole‐mount in situ hybridization: Implications for teratogenesis and neural development

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