Cellular uptake of the Antennapedia homeodomain polypeptide by macropinocytosis

Wu, Xiaomo; Gehring, Walter

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.062

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Double-stranded oligonucleotide probes were end-labeled with 32 P and purified on autoseq G-50 columns (#27-5340-01, Amersham). Binding reactions containing probe, TFAP2A protein, poly (dI-dC) (#81349, Sigma-Aldrich) non-specific competitor in gel retention buffer (25 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, 150 mM NaCl, 10% Glycerol) and electrophoresis were carried out as described previously [29]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TFAP2A is a component of the ZEB1/2 network that regulates TGFB1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe transition between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes (EMT) occurs in a variety of contexts. It is critical for mammalian development and it is also involved in tumor initiation and progression. Master transcription factor (TF) regulators of this process are conserved between mouse and human.MethodsFrom a computational analysis of a variety of high-throughput sequencing data sets we initially inferred that TFAP2A is connected to the core EMT network in both species. We then analysed publicly available human breast cancer data for TFAP2A expression and also studied the expression (by mRNA sequencing), activity (by monitoring the expression of its predicted targets), and binding (by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation) of this factor in a mouse mammary gland EMT model system (NMuMG) cell line.ResultsWe found that upon induction of EMT, the activity of TFAP2A, reflected in the expression level of its predicted targets, is up-regulated in a variety of systems, both murine and human, while TFAP2A’s expression is increased in more “stem-like” cancers. We provide strong evidence for the direct interaction between the TFAP2A TF and the ZEB2 promoter and we demonstrate that this interaction affects ZEB2 expression. Overexpression of TFAP2A from an exogenous construct perturbs EMT, however, in a manner similar to the downregulation of endogenous TFAP2A that takes place during EMT.ConclusionsOur study reveals that TFAP2A is a conserved component of the core network that regulates EMT, acting as a repressor of many genes, including ZEB2.ReviewersThis article has been reviewed by Dr. Martijn Huynen and Dr. Nicola Aceto.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13062-017-0180-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TFAP2A is a component of the ZEB1/2 network that regulates TGFB1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition

et al. 2017

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“…Although the exact mechanism of entrance of CPPs into cells has not been completely resolved (31)(32)(33), it is widely believed that the CPP uptake mechanism varies for different CPP families, and the majority of CPPs have two or more pathways depending on the experimental conditions. Recent advances have shown that that there are three mechanisms for CPP translocation across the cellular membrane (Table II) (34,35).…”

Section: Uptake Mechanism Of Cell-penetrating Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-penetrating peptides: Possible transduction mechanisms and therapeutic applications

et al. 2016

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Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein transduction domains, are a class of diverse peptides with 5-30 amino acids. CPPs are divided into cationic, amphipathic and hydrophobic CPPs. They are able to carry small molecules, plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA, proteins, viruses, imaging agents and other various nanoparticles across the cellular membrane, resulting in internalization of the intact cargos. However, the mechanisms of CPP internalization remain to be elucidated. Recently, CPPs have received considerable attention due to their high transduction efficiency and low cytotoxicity. These peptides have a significant potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as delivery of fluorescent or radioactive compounds for imaging, delivery of peptides and proteins for therapeutic application, and delivery of molecules into induced pluripotent stem cells for directing differentiation. The present study reviews the classifications and transduction mechanisms of CPPs, as well as their potential applications.

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“…More recently there have been increasing evidence to suggest that these peptides are taken up by receptor mediated endocytosis and not by a specific receptor but by negatively charged cell surface molecules such as heparin sulphate proteoglycans [68,69]. This interaction is solely due to an ionic interaction between the positively charged CPP and the negatively charged receptor.…”

Section: Efficient Generation Of Cd8mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine delivery by penetratin: mechanism of antigen presentation by dendritic cells

et al. 2016

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Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) or membrane translocating peptides such as, penetratin from Antennapedia homeodomain or TAT from human immunodeficiency virus are useful vectors for the delivery of protein antigens or their cytotoxic (Tc) or helper (Th) T cell epitopes to antigen presenting cells. Mice immunized with CPP containing immunogens elicit antigen-specific Tc and/or Th responses and could be protected from tumor challenges. In the present paper, we investigate the mechanism of class I and class II antigen presentation of ovalbumin covalently linked to penetratin (AntpOVA) by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) with the use of biochemical inhibitors of various pathways of antigen processing and presentation. Results from our study suggested that uptake of AntpOVA is via a combination of energy independent (membrane fusion) and energy dependent pathways (endocytosis). Once internalized by either mechanism, multiple tap-dependent or independent antigen presentation pathways are accessed whilst not completely dependent on proteasomal processing but involving proteolytic trimming in the ER and Golgi compartments. Our study provides an understanding on the mechanism of antigen presentation mediated by CPP and leads to greater insights into future development of vaccine formulations.

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Cellular uptake of the Antennapedia homeodomain polypeptide by macropinocytosis

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

TFAP2A is a component of the ZEB1/2 network that regulates TGFB1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition

TFAP2A is a component of the ZEB1/2 network that regulates TGFB1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Cell-penetrating peptides: Possible transduction mechanisms and therapeutic applications

Vaccine delivery by penetratin: mechanism of antigen presentation by dendritic cells

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