Cellulose nanofibers from banana peels as a Pickering emulsifier: High-energy emulsification processes

Abstract

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from banana peels was evaluated as promising stabilizer for oil-in-water emulsions. CNFs were treated using ultrasound and high-pressure homogenizer. Changes on the size, crystallinity index and zeta potential of CNFs were associated with the intense effects of cavitation phenomenon and shear forces promoted by mechanical treatments. CNFs-stabilized emulsions were produced under the same process conditions as the particles. Coalescence phenomenon was observed in the emulsions produced using high-pressure homogenizer, whereas droplets flocculation occurred in emulsions processed by ultrasound. In the latter, coalescence stability was associated with effects of cavitation forces acting on the CNFs breakup. Thus, smaller droplets created during the ultrasonication process could be recovered by particles that acted as an effective barrier against droplets coalescence. Our results improved understanding about the relationship between the choice of emulsification process and their effects on the CNFs properties influencing the potential application of CNFs as a food emulsifier.

Production, application and health effects of banana pulp and peel flour in the food industry

“…For instance, the higher quantity of ash can be valuable in treating deficiencies of minerals caused by celiac disease (Presutti et al 2007). Additionally, several studies have shown the application of BPe as a low-cost precursor for producing materials such as anionic dye and heavy metal adsorbents (Mahindrakar and Rathod 2018;Munagapati et al 2018;Oyewo et al 2018;Singh et al 2018;Vilardi et al 2018), recovering phenolic compounds (Vu et al 2018), producing cellulose nanofibers (Costa et al 2018;Harini et al 2018;Tibolla et al 2018), as well as bioethanol (Berawi and Bimandama 2018;Prakash et al 2018) and pectin extract (Khamsucharit et al 2018). In the following sections, some of the exclusive added value components in banana are introduced.…”

Unravelling the Mechanism of Stabilization and Microstructure of Oil-in-Water Emulsions by Native Cellulose Microfibrils in Primary Plant Cells Dispersions

“…While it is not always mentioned nor discussed, the recent literature shows that depletion flocculation is prevalent in emulsion stabilized by primary plant cell materials. To name a few examples, CMF extracted from mangosteen rinds,18,43 orange pulp20 and banana peels44 yield emulsions with similar droplet sizes to our system, and droplets are also flocculated even at low CMF concentrations. This is likely due to the presence of soluble polymers from the plant cell wall material the CMF were extracted from: despite their very low concentration in the plant dispersion, they have a considerable influence on the resulting microstructure of the emulsions.…”

Interest of Pickering Emulsions for Sustainable Micro/Nanocellulose in Food and Cosmetic Applications

“…Enzymatic hydrolysis is another green method and less energy consuming used to generate CNFs or CNCs. The main enzymes used are cellulases, as endoglucanase and β-glucosidase, and xylanase [ 45 , 63 , 64 ]. For example, Costa et al [ 45 ] used xylanase to produce CNFs from banana peels.…”

“…The main enzymes used are cellulases, as endoglucanase and β-glucosidase, and xylanase [ 45 , 63 , 64 ]. For example, Costa et al [ 45 ] used xylanase to produce CNFs from banana peels. Xylanase hydrolyzed all hemicelluloses and initiated hydrolysis of β(1-4) glycosidic bonds of cellulose amorphous regions.…”

“…Even if nanocellulose could be produced by green processes, prior alkali treatment and bleaching are generally required, to eliminate lignins, hemicelluloses and pectins, and purify cellulose. Raw materials have been often treated with sodium hydroxide [ 22 , 43 , 46 , 48 , 50 ], but potassium hydroxide [ 45 ], or sodium carbonate coupled with active oxygen [ 56 ] might be also used. Bleaching has been frequently carried out with sodium chlorite and/or sodium hypochlorite [ 22 , 46 , 50 , 68 ], but these treatments caused toxic products release.…”