Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by chemical and mechanical treatments: Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment

Abstract

a b s t r a c tCellulose nanoparticles from a vegetable source (cellulose fiber) have been evaluated for future use as reinforcement of polymeric matrixes (e.g., biodegradable films). Cellulose nanoparticles have numerous advantages: they are inexpensive and biodegradable, and they originate from renewable sources. Here, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were isolated from banana peel by chemical (alkaline treatment and bleaching followed by acid hydrolysis with 0.1, 1, or 10% (v/v) H 2 SO 4 ) and mechanical (high pressure homogenizer) treatments. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed all treatments effectively isolated banana fibers at the nanometer scale (average diameter of 3.72 nm). CNFs displayed z-potential values ranging from À37.60 to À67.37 mV, which prevented their aggregation. CNFs had high crystallinity values, from 63.1 to 66.4%, which indicated they could be good reinforcing agents. FTIR results confirmed that the chemical and mechanical treatments removed the amorphous fractions. Regarding cytotoxicity, low CNF concentrations (50e500 mg/mL) did not cause cell death, but CNFs at concentrations above 1000 mg/mL significantly decreased cell viability. The use of different sulfuric acid concentrations provided more detailed knowledge of the treatment methods and CNF features, which could help to improve the CNF production process. The combination of chemical and mechanical treatments proved to be an efficient strategy to prepare CNFs from banana peels as a potential reinforcing agent of polymeric matrixes (e.g., food packaging).

Prospect of Polysaccharide-Based Materials as Advanced Food Packaging

“…However, recent studies have shown that various plant-based waste materials such as peel, husk and The most commercially exploited sources of cellulose are wood pulp and cotton fibers [41]. However, recent studies have shown that various plant-based waste materials such as peel, husk and shell, and sugar cane bagasse present suitable sources of cellulose, which is important from both economic and ecological point of view [42][43][44].…”

Functionalization-dependent effects of cellulose nanofibrils on tolerogenic mechanisms of human dendritic cells

“…A specific surface chemistry of CNF enables the formation of hydrogels, long-lasting drug delivery systems, 6 and engineered biomimetic surfaces, 7 all of which allow their multifunctional application. 8 Although recent studies confirmed the good biocompatibility of CNF, 9,10 their slow degradability in vivo 11 could be a problem if the scaffold needs to be replaced gradually by a natural extracellular matrix. 4 The oxidation of CNF was shown to be an efficient way of increasing their degradability, 12 which also enables their functionalization with biomolecules.…”

Moisture Absorption and Opacity of Starch-Based Biocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Fiber from Bengkoang

“…Cassava, corn, sago, and potato starch have been used in the matrix. Fibers from potato tuber cells [10], banana peels [21,22], mandarin [16], grapefruit [23], and pomelo [24] have been used as reinforcement. Many of these starch and fiber sources can be obtained from agricultural products and waste.…”