2005
DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2004.12.012
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Cementing the foundations of thermodynamics: Comparison of system-based and surroundings-based definitions of work and heat

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Cited by 31 publications
(82 citation statements)
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“…The Calcium, Potassium and sodium contents were analyzed using Flame Photometer, whereas other elements including Phosphorus, Magnesium and Manganese were determined calorimetrically, [7] The available total organic carbon content was analyzed by oxidative spectrophotometer, [8] The total N was determined thru distillation followed by Titration, [9]. The PH was also determined simply by a pH meter and other trace metals (Fe, Zn and Cu) using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), [10].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The Calcium, Potassium and sodium contents were analyzed using Flame Photometer, whereas other elements including Phosphorus, Magnesium and Manganese were determined calorimetrically, [7] The available total organic carbon content was analyzed by oxidative spectrophotometer, [8] The total N was determined thru distillation followed by Titration, [9]. The PH was also determined simply by a pH meter and other trace metals (Fe, Zn and Cu) using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), [10].…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The PH was also determined simply by a pH meter and other trace metals (Fe, Zn and Cu) using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), [10]. The cation ion exchange capacity of the metallic elements at neutral pH was determined by Titration after distillation [11] To conduct the adsorption study, 2,4,6,8,10,20,40,60,80, and 100 g/L were prepared and adsorption values determined at the UV-vis between 200 to 900 nm. The existence of the adsorption/desorption equilibrium of 2.0 g, 1.0 g, 0.5 g, 0.2 g and 0.1 g of the soil samples were investigated.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…introDução embora os conceitos de calor, Q, e de trabalho, W, sejam essenciais em Termodinâmica, para processos irreversíveis a sua natureza controversa tem originado intenso debate na literatura [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] e em livros de texto. [11][12][13] Contudo, ainda subsistem algumas questões interessantes em aberto que requerem clarificação.…”
Section: Figura 1 O Sistema E Vizinhança Separados Pela Fronteira: Ounclassified
“…especificamos a seguir os três principais tópicos que nos propomos explorar neste artigo. Na literatura 4 somos confrontados muitas vezes com duas definições de calor e trabalho: uma baseada no sistema e a outra baseada na vizinhança. Alguns autores defendem que ambas as definições podem ser utilizadas para desenvolver a Termodinâmica, sendo a questão central saber qual destas duas definições é mais geral e mais facilmente aplicável; 4 outra questão a clarificar é o significado das expressões Q sis = -Q viz e W sis = -W viz , que se encontram também na literatura, 4 onde os subscritos "sis" e "viz" significam sistema e vizinhança, respectivamente; finalmente, a questão da invariância do calor e do trabalho relativamente à permuta entre sistema e vizinhança.…”
Section: Figura 1 O Sistema E Vizinhança Separados Pela Fronteira: Ounclassified
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