Central Composite Design for Response Surface Methodology and Its Application in Pharmacy

Bhattacharya, Sankha

doi:10.5772/intechopen.95835

Cited by 138 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In this design, the center points are augmented with a group of axial points called star points. In this study, using CCD, a total of twenty-one treatments were formed (Bhattacharya, 2021). Each treatment had three repetitions (3 × 21 = 63).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modulation of Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Supply for Growth Optimization of the Evergreen Shrubs Ammopiptanthus mongolicus for Revegetation Purpose

et al. 2021

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Surface mining is a critical anthropogenic activity that significantly alters the ecosystem. Revegetation practices are largely utilized to compensate for these detrimental impacts of surface mining. In this study, we investigated the effects of five water (W) regimes [W40: 40%, W48: 48%, W60: 60%, W72: 72%, and W80: 80% of field capacity (FC)], five nitrogen (N) (N0: 0, N24: 24, N60: 60, N96: 96, and N120: 120 mg kg−1 soil), and five phosphorus (P) fertilizer doses (P0: 0, P36: 36, P90: 90, P144: 144, and P180: 180 mg kg−1 soil) on morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus plants to assess the capability of this species to be used for restoration purposes. The results showed that under low W-N resources, A. mongolicus exhibited poor growth performance (i.e., reduced plant height, stem diameter, and dry biomass) in coal-degraded spoils, indicating that A. mongolicus exhibited successful adaptive mechanisms by reducing its biomass production to survive long in environmental stress conditions. Compared with control, moderate to high W and N-P application rates greatly enhanced the net photosynthesis rates, transpiration rates, water-use efficiency, chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, total Chl, and carotenoid contents. Under low-W content, the N-P fertilization enhanced the contents of proline and soluble sugar, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in leaf tissues, reducing the oxidative stress. Changes in plant growth and metabolism in W-shortage conditions supplied with N-P fertilization may be an adaptive strategy that is essential for its conservation and restoration in the desert ecosystem. The best growth performance was observed in plants under W supplements corresponding to 70% of FC and N and P doses of 33 and 36 mg kg−1 soil, respectively. Our results provide useful information for revegetation and ecological restoration in coal-degraded and arid-degraded lands in the world using endangered species A. mongolicus.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Modulation of Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Supply for Growth Optimization of the Evergreen Shrubs Ammopiptanthus mongolicus for Revegetation Purpose

et al. 2021

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“…Thirtyone experiments were calculated to be necessary. A second-order polynomial equation (Equation ( 2)) depicts the relationship between the answer (Y) and the variables (X K ); Y is commonly dependent on several variables that are encoded [30]:…”

Section: Design Of Experiments For Modified Solvay Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Desalination Reject Brine Using Modified Solvay Process Based on Calcium Oxide

et al. 2022

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In this research, the influence of a variety of operational factors such as the temperature of the reaction, gas flow rate, concentration of NaCl, and the amount of Ca(OH)₂ for reducing the environmental impacts of desalination reject brine using the calcium oxide-based modified Solvay process were investigated. For this purpose, response surface modeling (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were applied. The significance of these factors and their interactions was assessed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique with a 95% degree of certainty (p < 0.05). Optimal conditions for this process included: a temperature of 10 °C, a Ca(OH)₂/NaCl concentration ratio of 0.36, and a gas flow rate of 800 mL/min. Under these conditions, the maximum sodium removal efficiency from the synthetic sodium chloride solution was 53.51%. Subsequently, by employing the real brine rejected from the desalination unit with a 63 g/L salinity level under optimal conditions, the removal rate of sodium up to 43% was achieved. To investigate the process’s kinetics of Na elimination, three different kinds of kinetics models were applied from zero to second order. R squared values of 0.9101, 0.915, and 0.9141 were obtained in this investigation for zero-, first-, and second-degree kinetic models, respectively, when synthetic reject saline reacted. In contrast, according to R squared’s results with utilizing real rejected brine, the results for the model of kinetics were: R squared = 0.9115, 0.9324, and 0.9532, correspondingly. As a result, the elimination of sodium from real reject brine is consistent with the second-order kinetic model. According to the findings, the calcium oxide-based modified Solvay method offers a great deal of promise for desalination of brine rejected from desalination units and reducing their environmental impacts. The primary benefit of this technology is producing a usable solid product (sodium bicarbonate) from sodium chloride in the brine solution.

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“…ICH Q8 (R2), 2009 defines the design space as ''the multidimensional combination and interaction of material attributes and process parameters that have been demonstrated to assure quality'' [20]. With application of QbD concept, appropriate design space can be created and wider design space indicates more robust and flexible process, where some variations can be accommodated [21]..…”

Section: Establishment Of the Design Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Optimization of Controlled Release Formulation and Process of Levetiracetam with Hot Melt Coating Technology

Patel

Jani

2021

JPRI

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Conventional coating processes are based on aqueous or organic solvent system, resulting in the lengthy and tedious processes where use and removal of solvents consumes lots of energy and resources. Also, solvent disposal is a critical issue considering environmental hazard.Hot melt coating process avoids use of solvent and is short and energy-efficient process. Here, Hot-melt coating process (HMCP) is being developed to formulate lipid based oral controlled release formulation system to deliver highly water soluble Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class-I drug Levetiracetam. Pellets containing Active ingredient in the core portion were prepared by extrusion spheronization process with use of appropriate filler and binder. These core pellets were then coated using hot-melt coating technology with different levels of lipid and a hydrophilic component. Formulation and Process parameters were optimized to achieve targeted drug release profile and other target product profile with particular focus onHMCP. Quality by design (QbD) with DOE approach was used for designing and development of the formulation, by putting risk assessment Failure Mode and Effect analysis (FMEA, Fish-bone diagram), screening (by Plackett Burman), and optimization by Central Composite Design (CCC) studies. Appropriate ‘design space’ was proposed based on the optimization studies. The results demonstrated that the level of Low melting coating component and a hydrophilic component influenced the drug release rate from the formulation, and the rate of release could be optimized by varying the amount of these components in the formulation. Processing parameters like Temperature of the coating solution and atomization air, Atomization air pressure and Spray rate also affects the drug release rate and other parameters like coating efficiency and mean particle size. For optimized formulation, dissolution data model fitting was also carried out which adequately fits to Higuchi model suggesting that the drug release occurred predominantly by diffusion.

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Central Composite Design for Response Surface Methodology and Its Application in Pharmacy

Cited by 138 publications

References 39 publications

The Modulation of Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Supply for Growth Optimization of the Evergreen Shrubs Ammopiptanthus mongolicus for Revegetation Purpose

The Modulation of Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Supply for Growth Optimization of the Evergreen Shrubs Ammopiptanthus mongolicus for Revegetation Purpose

Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Desalination Reject Brine Using Modified Solvay Process Based on Calcium Oxide

Development and Optimization of Controlled Release Formulation and Process of Levetiracetam with Hot Melt Coating Technology

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