Central fatigue and nycthemeral change of serum tryptophan and serotonin in the athletic horse

Piccione, Giuseppe; Assenza, Anna; Fazio, Francesco; Percipalle, Maurizio; Caola, G.

doi:10.1186/1740-3391-3-6

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…3 Serotonin plasma levels are also subject to physiological variations. 1,2,7,18,31 Even in healthy horses, reported reference values for serotonin are not consistent, which hampers further research into the role of serotonin in equine diseases. Reported PPP serotonin values in healthy horses range from 2.5 ng/ml to 90 ng/ml with a majority varying between 3 ng/ml and 30 ng/ml.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of serotonin in equine plasma with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Serotonin is regularly measured in equine platelet-poor plasma in research settings. However, reported reference values vary between studies, partially because plasma serotonin concentrations are very low and a reliable and affordable detection method is lacking. A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for serotonin determination in equine platelet-poor plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. Results of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared to the LC-MS/MS results, in order to validate a test more suitable for use in a clinical situation. For LC-MS/MS, 500 µl of plasma was required, and deuterated serotonin was used as an internal standard. The sample preparation was based upon a simple liquid extraction into ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was performed with an acetic acid-acetonitrile mobile phase gradient elution. Linearity was demonstrated between 3 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml. A limit of quantification of 3 ng/ml was achieved, corresponding to a limit of detection of 0.10 ng/ml. Comparison of LC-MS/MS and ELISA with Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman plotting showed a poor agreement between the 2 methods, with an increasing difference within the higher range of measurements. Caution is needed when extrapolating results from sources using different analytical techniques.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of serotonin in equine plasma with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

et al. 2012

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“…We showed, for example, in our previous research the existence of the circadian rhythm of tryptophan and serotonin in sedentary and athletic horses. It is interesting that both parameters changed their acrophases in athletic horses trained in the afternoon [28]. Consequently, because the sedentary horses have been maintained under the same conditions of housing, illumination, and feeding schedule as the athletic horses, it can be assumed that the afternoon physical exercise of the athletic horses might determine the change in the acrophase of serum Hcy rhythm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that many circadian rhythms in physiological functions are evident under resting conditions and that these rhythms are influenced by physical exercise [26]. In regard to the athletic horse, chronobiological studies have detected several physiological parameters that feature a distinctive circadian rhythmicity; they include body temperature, hematologic condition, cardiovascular indexes, and the serum-branched chain amino acids tyrosine, tryptofane, and serotonin [27][28][29]. The existence of circadian rhythms in exercise performance and in response to exercise merits detailed exploration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Exercise on the Daily Rhythm of Serum Homocysteine in Horses

et al. 2006

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to determine the daily rhythms in the blood serum of homocysteine in horses. Ten thoroughbred horses, five athletic (trained for 1 h, 6 days a week) and five sedentary, were used. Blood samples were collected on each subject every 4 h for two days by means of the jugular vein. On each individual sample, the serum concentration of homocysteine was assessed. The results obtained during the experimental period indicated the existence of a daily rhythm of serum homocysteine in sedentary and athletic horses. They also demonstrated that in horses, physical exercise influences the daily rhythm of serum homocysteine.Key words: circadian rhythms, homocysteine, horse.Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur intermediate amino acid in methionine-cysteine metabolism [1]. The importance of this metabolic pathway relates to the sheer number of physiological functions in which it is involved; it contains the methyl donor (S-adenosyl-methionine) for virtually all methylation reactions in the organism [2] and provides the limiting substrate (cysteine) for the synthesis of glutathione [3]. The metabolism of Hcy leads to three possible main outcomes: it may be remethylated to methionine, converted to cysteine by transulfuration, or exported to the extracellular space. In man, moderately increased concentrations of total homocysteine (tHcy) have been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and other thrombotic events [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], as well as increased concentrations of total cysteine (tCys) [12]. Regular physical exercise is now recognized to reduce the risk of CVD development [13,14]. Sedentary subjects, however, are considered to be at risk for CVD. Although available evidence indicates that physical activity modifies the lipid and carbohydrate metabolism [15], non energetic exercise-induced metabolism stress has not been extensively studied [16]. Recent data have pointed out that the duration and intensity of exercise are relevant factors in modulating the plasma Hcy levels. Bailey et al. [17] have shown that a 4-week exercise program was associated with a reduction in Hcy levels in healthy men, whereas Nygard et al. [18] confirmed that a lack of exercise might be partly associated with elevated plasma tHcy levels, increasing the risk of CVD in the elderly. As far as horses are concerned, there are not many studies on homocysteine, neither on the effects derived from training nor on its daily rhythm. The few that are available deal with the physiological range of Hcy and its variations in relation to some pathologies [19] and the influence of a single exercise test, but not training, on the plasmatic levels of homocysteine [20]. As for studies on daily rhythm in men [21][22][23] and rats [24,25], it is evident that the rhythmicity of the parameter and the influence of physical exercise have been considered only together, never separately. It is known that many circadian rhythms in physiological functions are evident under resting conditions and tha...

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“…A fadiga é um importante fator que afeta a performance no exercício (PICCIONE et al, 2005). Lewis (2000), caracteriza a fadiga pós exercício por um equino que vários dias após o esforço prolongado permanece deprimido e letárgico, Evans (2000) acrescenta que a fadiga é uma diminuição na capacidade de continuar no exercício, manifestando no cavalo uma queda na performance que está associada ao declínio na concentração de ATP nas células musculares com consequente acúmulo de ADP e Pi, concluindo que a fadiga ocorre pela combinação dos efeitos de exaustão do suprimento de energia, hipertermia e desidratação.…”

Section: Desenvolvimentounclassified

“…O sistema seratoninérgico é associado com várias funções cerebrais que pode atuar positiva ou negativamente durante o exercício. Consequentemente a síntese e o metabolismo de 5-HT no cérebro aumentam em resposta ao exercício, além de que a concentração de serotonina no cérebro é associada a marcadores da fadiga central como, redução de movimentos, letargia, cansaço e incoordenação motora (PICCIONE et al, 2005). Sendo esta o resultado de um déficit corporal de energia, água ou eletrólitos (Lewis, 2000), com queda na performance ocorrendo como um mecanismo de defesa para evitar danos irreversíveis devido ao excesso de esforço (PICCIONE et al, 2005).…”

Section: Desenvolvimentounclassified

Fisiologia Do Exercício Em Equinos

SECANI

LEGA²

2009

Nucleus Animal.

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RESUMO:A fisiologia do exercício estuda as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas do cavalo durante e após o exercício físico. Para que se inicie o exercício e ocorra a contração muscular são necessários combustíveis para a produção de adenosina trifosfato (ATP), sendo indispensável a manutenção deste para reorganização do ciclo, ocorrendo através de processos metabólicos que variam conforme a intensidade e a duração do exercício, podendo ocorrer a síntese de ATP pela via anaeróbica por um substrato imediato como a creatina fosfato (CP) ou pela glicose através da glicólise, ou ainda, ocorre pela via aeróbica através também da glicose envolvendo o ciclo de Krebs, porém alguns destes mecanismos produzem metabólitos que podem resultar na queda da performance. Durante esses processos também ocorrem alterações fisiológicas na tentativa de restabelecer os parâmetros do animal. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve o intuito de realizar uma revisão de todas estas alterações, bem como descrever as necessidades fisiológicas para a realização dos exercícios na espécie equina.Palavras-chave: Equino. Fisiologia. Exercício. SUMMARY:The exercise physiology studies the physiological and biochemical responses of the horse during and after exercise. In order to start the exercise and to occur the muscle contraction it's necessary fuel for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it's essential the maintenance of this fuels for reorganization of the cycle, occurring through metabolic processes that vary depending on the intensity and duration of exercise, possible to occur the synthesis of ATP through anaerobic respiration through an immediate substrate such as creatine phosphate (CP) or the glucose through glycolysis, or, occurs with aerobic respiration through the glucose involving the Kreb's Citric Acid Cycle, although those mechanisms produce metabolites that may result in a performance decrease. During these processes also occur physiological changes in an attempt to restore the animal parameters. Thus, this work had the intention of reviewing all these changes, and describes the physiological needs for the conduction of the exercises in equine species.Key words: Equine. Physiology. Exercise

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Central fatigue and nycthemeral change of serum tryptophan and serotonin in the athletic horse

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

Comparative analysis of serotonin in equine plasma with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Comparative analysis of serotonin in equine plasma with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

The Influence of Exercise on the Daily Rhythm of Serum Homocysteine in Horses

Fisiologia Do Exercício Em Equinos

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