Central motor reorganization after anastomosis of the musculocutaneous and intercostal nerves following cervical root avulsion

Mano, Yukio; Nakamuro, T; Tamura, Ryuji; Takayanagi, Tetsuya; Kawanishi, K; Tamai, Susumu; Mayer, Richard F.

doi:10.1002/ana.410380106

Cited by 105 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This type of change, either morphological or functional, has been described as brain plasticity. Evidence of motor cortex reorganization has also been observed in subjects with chronic neurological disorders including cerebral tumor, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Seitz et al, 1995), after hemispherectomy (Cohen et al, 1991), after anastomosis of the musculocutaneous nerve and intercostals nerves following cervical root avulsion (Mano et al, 1995), and after limb amputation (Brasil-Neto et al, 1993). The findings of the present study further support the notion that the primary motor cortex can be reorganized by motor practice even in a single training period (Muellbacher et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Motor learning of hands with auditory cue in patients with Parkinson’s disease

et al. 2005

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Summary:In the present research, changes in motor cortex function were observed in relation to repetitive, voluntary thumb movement (training) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal control subjects. Changes in the direction of thumb movement due to motor evoked potential (MEP) by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), after motor training with and without rhythmic sound, were measured using a strain gauge for 12 patients with PD and 9 normal control subjects. PD patients who experienced the freezing phenomena showed poor change in direction of TMS-induced movement after self-paced movement; however, marked change in direction of TMS-induced movement was observed after training with auditory cue. PD patients who had not experienced the freezing phenomena showed positive effects with the auditory cue, producing similar results as the normal control subjects. Two routes for voluntary movement are available in the nervous system. The decreased function of basal ganglia due to PD impaired the route from the basal ganglia to the supplementary motor cortex. These data suggest that the route from sensory input to cerebellum to premotor cortex could compensate for the decreased function of the route via the basal ganglia to the premotor cortex. Once change in the motor cortex occurred, such change persisted even after the interruption of training.These phenomena suggest that motor memory can be stored in the motor cortex.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Motor learning of hands with auditory cue in patients with Parkinson’s disease

et al. 2005

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“…Thus the extent of the M1 map correlates with motor skill. Whereas there are reports of animals recovering skills following CS system damage without concomitant map reorganization (Nudo and Milliken 1996;Plautz et al 2003), the preponderance of evidence shows strong support for the reemergence of and shifts in M1 representations with recovery after injury (Chen et al 2002;Mano et al 1995;Ward and Cohen 2004). The bulk of evidence shows that the M1 motor representation in maturity is necessary for producing many forms of skilled limb movements.…”

Section: M1 Map Is Necessary But Not Sufficient For Expression Of Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity-Dependent Plasticity Improves M1 Motor Representation and Corticospinal Tract Connectivity

Chakrabarty

Friel²,

Martin³

2009

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Chakrabarty S, Friel KM, Martin JH. Activity-dependent plasticity improves M1 motor representation and corticospinal tract connectivity. J Neurophysiol 101: 1283-1293, 2009. First published December 17, 2008 doi:10.1152/jn.91026.2008. Motor cortex (M1) activity between postnatal weeks 5 and 7 is essential for normal development of the corticospinal tract (CST) and visually guided movements. Unilateral reversible inactivation of M1, by intracortical muscimol infusion, during this period permanently impairs development of the normal dorsoventral distribution of CST terminations and visually guided motor skills. These impairments are abrogated if this M1 inactivation is followed by inactivation of the contralateral, initially active M1, from weeks 7 to 11 (termed alternate inactivation). This later period is when the M1 motor representation normally develops. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of alternate inactivation on the motor representation of the initially inactivated M1. We used intracortical microstimulation to map the left M1 1 to 2 mo after the end of left M1 muscimol infusion. We compared representations in the unilateral inactivation and alternate inactivation groups. Alternate inactivation converted the sparse proximal M1 motor representation produced by unilateral inactivation to a complete and high-resolution proximal-distal representation. The motor map was restored by week 11, the same age that our present and prior studies demonstrated that alternate inactivation restored CST spinal connectivity. Thus M1 motor map developmental plasticity closely parallels plasticity of CST spinal terminations. After alternate inactivation reestablished CST connections and the motor map, an additional 3 wk was required for motor skill recovery. Since motor map recovery preceded behavioral recovery, our findings suggest that the representation is necessary for recovering motor skills, but additional time, or experience, is needed to learn to take advantage of the restored CST connections and motor map. I N T R O D U C T I O NThe primary motor cortex (M1) motor representation develops postnatally. In kittens, the representation, which is examined using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), is expressed by postnatal week 7 (Bruce and Tatton 1980; Chakrabarty and Martin 2000). Between weeks 7 and 11, the number of sites where ICMS produces a response (i.e., effective sites) increases, ICMS response thresholds decrease, and forelimb joint diversity increases (Chakrabarty and Martin 2000). Motor map development occurs after the critical period for establishing the normal pattern of corticospinal tract (CST) connectivity with spinal circuits, which is between weeks 5 and 7 (Martin 2005). This is when M1 activity is essential for normal development of the CST and visually guided movements. Unilateral reversible inactivation of M1, by intracortical muscimol infusion, during this period affects development of the CST on both the silenced and active sides. The silenced CST fails to develop the normal p...

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“…The rapidly changing magnetic field produces electrical currents, which activate neurons [1]. TMS has been used to cause muscle contraction by trans-synaptic stimulation of the pyramidal tract [2,3]. Trains of repetitive TMS (rTMS) can change cortical function [4], and is thought to have therapeutic effects such as an improvement in the symptoms of Parkinson's disease [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%