Central Nervous System Depressants Poisoning and Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: An Underrated Risk Factor at the Toxicological Intensive Care Unit

Abstract

Background:Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is the main cause of nosocomial infection at intensive care units (ICUs), which causes high mortality and morbidity.Objectives:The objective of the present survey was to identify the VAP risk and prognostic factors among poisoned patients, who were admitted to the toxicological ICU (TICU), especially central nervous system (CNS) depressants due to their prevalence and importance.Patients and Methods:A case-control study was conducted at the Loghman Hakim hospital between March 2013 and March 2014. Among 300 poisoned patients with mechanical ventilator ≥ 48 hours, 150 patients, who had developed microbiologically-confirmed VAP were considered as the VAP group and 150 without VAP were defined as the control group. The following data were collected; age, gender, type of poisoning, glasgow coma score, Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score, length of hospital stay, previous antibiotic use, microbial culture of the trachea, body temperature, leukocyte count, and patients’ outcome. Based on the type of poisoning, patients were divided into three groups including: opioid, CNS depressants and others. All data were expressed as means (SD) for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between risk factors and VAP.Results:The mean age of the patients was 33.9 ± 14.3 years. The probable VAP incidence and mortality were 22% and 18.6%, respectively. The rate of CNS depressant versus opioid use (odds ratio, 3.74; P < 0.027), APACHE II (odds ratio, 1.28; P < 0.000) and length of hospital stay (odds ratio, 2.15; P < 0.000) were the independent risk factors for VAP. While, the APACHE II score (odds ratio, 1.12; P < 0.044) and length of hospital stay (odds ratio, 2.15; P < 0.000) were the independent predictors of VAP mortality among these patients. The most common microorganisms in VAP cases were Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter sp. (56.7% and 12.7%, respectively).Conclusions:Central nervous system depressant was an important risk factor for VAP among poisoned patients. Hypoventilation due to CNS depression can lead to VAP. The APACHE II and length of hospital stay were shown as independent predictors of VAP and mortality among these patients.

High frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with SCCmec type III and spa type t030 in Karaj’s teaching hospitals, Iran

“…As we expected, there was no resistance to the effective drugs such as tigecycline, linezolid, synercid (quinupristin/dalfopristin), teicoplanin, and vancomycin that are in agreement with other studies from Iran [2,13]. In contrast with some studies [18,19], we found high rate of resistance to rifampicin (53%) in MRSA isolates that is in agreement with other studies [2,20]. On the other hand, we did not find any resistance to mupirocin in our MRSA isolates which is in contrast with previous study [2].…”

High Frequency of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Care Unit in Karaj, Iran

“…Nevertheless, there are limited reports on the incidence rates of MRSA infection in ICUs in Iran (11)(12)(13). Furthermore, ICUacquired infections are reported with high morbidity and mortality in Iran (14,15). In the current study, the prevalence of MRSA varied greatly between investigated hospitals, from 16% to 40% (Table 1).…”

Is Serum Lactate Level a Prognostic Factor for the Incidence and Mortality of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Among Poisoned ICU-Admitted Patients?

“…According to a study by Mehrpour et al arrested oxidative phosphorylation and poor tissue perfusion may lead to lactic acidosis in aluminium phosphide poisoning (28)(29)(30). On the other hand, methanol was the second rampant toxicant among patients in the present study.…”

“…Generally, a higher rate of VAP has been reported in Iran (29,(37)(38)(39)(40). Notably, similar rates have been revealed in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the United States (41,42).…”