Central nervous system infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae: An Indian perspective

Raju, R.

doi:10.47665/tb.39.2.017

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…According to a paper [11], India alone has reported only 16 cases of PAM, with a survival rate of only 4 patients out of this total. Another analysis [24], includes 25 cases of N. fowleri PAM in India and over half of these cases had a history of exposure to freshwater. This finding was also backed by another paper [29], as they reviewed eight reports of PAM in India and found a history of contact with water was present in four of those cases, and additionally, trophozoites were identified in all eight cases of the series.…”

Section: N O N -C O M M E R C I a L U S E O N L Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Free-Living Amoeba in a tertiary care hospital

Choudhuri,

Chaudhuri,

Guchhait

et al. 2024

Microbiol Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study aims to investigate the presence of Free-Living Amoebae (FLA), particularly Acanthamoeba spp., in diverse water systems and body fluids within a hospital. Water and body fluid samples were collected from various locations. Cultivation of FLA was performed using Non-Nutrient Agar (NNA) culture with Escherichia coli, and microscopic observations after staining. Microscopic observations revealed the presence of Acanthamoeba spp. in pre-dialysis tank water and dental flush water samples. The identification of Acanthamoeba in specific water sources underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and preventive strategies to mitigate potential health risks.

show abstract

Section: N O N -C O M M E R C I a L U S E O N L Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Free-Living Amoeba in a tertiary care hospital

Choudhuri,

Chaudhuri,

Guchhait

et al. 2024

Microbiol Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Chronic parasitic central nervous system (CNS) infections such as granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAE), cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT), and neurocysticercosis (NCC), continue to be a health problem, particularly in developing countries (Prandota, 2010;Del Brutto & Garcia, 2021;Raju et al, 2022). The persistence of inflammatory processes in GAE and CT, or loss of active immune suppression in NCC, results in parenchymal tissue damage, with severe neurological consequences (Mishra et al, 2009;Kot et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokine profiles of patients with neurotropic parasitic infections

D.V.

2023

Trop Biomed

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The pathogenesis of chronic parasitic central nervous system (CNS) infections, including granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis (GAE), cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT), and neurocysticercosis (NCC), is primarily due to an inflammatory host reaction to the parasite. Inflammatory cytokines produced by invading T cells, monocytes, and CNS resident cells lead to neuroinflammation which underlie the immunopathology of these infections. Immune molecules, especially cytokines, can therefore emerge as potential biomarker(s) of CNS parasitic infections. In this study, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples from suspected patients with parasitic infections were screened for pathogenic free-living amoebae by culture (n=2506) and PCR (n=275). Six proinflammatory cytokines in smear and culture-negative CSF samples from patients with GAE (n = 2), NCC (n = 7), and CT (n = 23) as well as control (n = 7) patients were measured using the Multiplex Suspension assay. None of the CSF samples tested was positive for neurotropic free-living amoebae by culture and only two samples showed Acanthamoeba 18S rRNA by PCR. Of the six cytokines measured, only IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased in all three infection groups compared to the control group. In addition, TNFa levels were higher in the GAE and NCC groups and IL-17 in the GAE group compared to controls. The levels of IL-1b and IFNg were very low in all the infection groups and the control group. There was a correlation between CSF cellularity and increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNFa in 11 patients. Thus, quantifying inflammatory cytokine levels in CSF might help with understanding the level of neuroinflammation in patients with neurotropic parasitic diseases. Further studies with clinico-microbiological correlation in the form of reduction of cytokine levels with treatment and the correlation with neurological deficits are needed.

show abstract

Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review

Chen

Zhang²,

Wen³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundFree-living amoebae (FLA) including Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris can become pathogenic and cause severe cerebral infections, named primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), and balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE), respectively. FLA encephalitis has been reported across China, but the clinical data descriptions and analytical results of these different reports vary widely. Currently, no consensus treatment has been established. We conduct a systematic review to evaluate the exposure location, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of three FLA encephalitis and aim to reveal the differences between three FLA encephalitis in China.MethodsWe used MEDLINE (PubMed interface), EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang database, and China Biology Medicine disc (CBMdisc) databases for literatures published and manually retrieve the hospital records of our hospital. The search time was up to August 30, 2022, with no language restrictions.ResultsAfter excluding possible duplicate cases, a total of 48 patients of three FLA encephalitis were collected. One from the medical records of our hospital and 47 patients from 31 different studies. There were 11 patients of PAM, 10 patients of GAE, and 27 patients of BAE. The onset of PAM is mostly acute or subacute, and the clinical symptoms are acute and fulminant hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis. Most patients with GAE and BAE have an insidious onset and a chronic course. A total of 21 BAE patients (77.8%) had skin lesions before onset of symptoms. Additionally, 37 cases (77.1%) were diagnosed with FLA encephalitis before death. And there were 4 of PAM, 2 of GAE, and 10 of BAE diagnosed using next generation sequencing. No single agent can be proposed as the ideal therapy by itself. Only 6 cases were successfully treated.ConclusionsThis review provides an overview of the available data and studies of FLA encephalitis in China and identify some potential differences. FLA encephalitis is a rare but pathogenic infection, and physicians should early identify this encephalitis to improve survival.

show abstract

Central nervous system infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae: An Indian perspective

Cited by 6 publications

References 42 publications

Detection of Free-Living Amoeba in a tertiary care hospital

Detection of Free-Living Amoeba in a tertiary care hospital

Cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory cytokine profiles of patients with neurotropic parasitic infections

Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About