Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: Review of Management

Abstract

Central retinal vein occlusion is usually a disease of the elderly and is often associated with systemic vascular disease, e.g., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerotic vascular disease. Younger patients, especially those less than 45 years of age, with retinal vein occlusion should be evaluated carefully for the possibility of an underlying thrombotic tendency. The authors describe the ocular manifestations, pathogenesis, associated conditions, patient evaluation, and treatment of patients with central retinal vein occlusion.

Retinal vein thrombosis: risk factors, pathogenesis and therapeutic approach

“…The available data on haemostatic alterations in RVO patients have been recently reviewed [4,6]. A hypercoagulable state documented by the presence of higher levels of prothrombin fragment 1+2, activated factor VII and D-dimer than in controls was reported in patients with CRVO.…”

Ranibizumab versus Aflibercept in Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion in Real Life: A Retrospective Case Control Study

“…Low visit and injection frequency observed in real life usually leads to decrease in visual and anatomical outcomes in the patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) or diabetic macular edema (DME) (18,19). This is not necessarily the case, however, for ME secondary to RVO, which is not usually chronic disease like DME and nAMD (4)(5)(6)21). In a prospective study performed by Miwa et al, 81 eyes with ME secondary to branch RVO were evaluated (15).…”

“…Macular edema (ME) and vitreous hemorrhage are frequent causes of visual loss in cases of RVO (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Both inflammation and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level play important role in pathogenesis of ME secondary to RVO (4)(5)(6)(7).…”

“…Both inflammation and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level play important role in pathogenesis of ME secondary to RVO (4)(5)(6)(7). Laser photocoagulation, vitreoretinal surgery, intravitreal anti-VEGF and steroid injections, and various surgical techniques have been reported to be effective in treatment of ME secondary to RVO (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8).Currently, intravitreal injections are particularly preferred as first-line treatment option for ME (8). Bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept are the 3 anti-VEGF agents used in treatment.…”

Acute myeloid leukaemia presenting as retinal vein occlusion and eyelid swelling

“…Various risk factors have been identified, including hypertension, 1,2 hyperlipidaemia, 3 diabetes mellitus 3 and hyperviscosity syndromes. 4 This case illustrates the importance of investigating for such risk factors in patients with retinal vein occlusion, where hyperviscosity secondary to leukaemia is found.…”