Centrifuge modelling of gas pipelines undergoing freeze–thaw cycles

Abstract

Frost heave and thaw settlement are two critical factors that need to be considered in the design of chilled gas pipelines in cold regions. Due to the variation in seasonal temperature and operating conditions (e.g., pressure and temperature at the compressor stations), the pipeline temperature in some segments might vary from subzero to above-zero during winter and summer. This study examines the freezing and thawing for cyclic and constant temperatures at the pipeline and ground surfaces based on the response of fourteen model pipes tested in a geotechnical centrifuge. The cyclic (temperature) operation reduces the frost heave rate per year and causes net settlement in some cases. When the thaw bulb resulting from an above-zero operating temperature is less than the previously developed frost bulb, upward water flow occurs through the thawed soil, which could alter the pipeline–soil interaction behaviour. Five types of freeze-thaw-induced vertical displacement of the pipe have been identified from the centrifuge test results.

Solidification/Stabilization of Chromium-Contaminated Soils by Polyurethane during Freeze–Thaw Cycles: Mechanical, Leaching and Microstructure Characterization

“…During thawing, the expanded pores cannot be recovered. Hence, the process of the freeze–thaw cycle will alter the structure and arrangement of soil particles, changing the mechanical and physical characteristics of the soil [ 6 ]. This may aggravate the risk of chromium migration and leaching in seasonal frozen regions.…”