Cephalic Index: A Fetal Gestational Age Dependent Biometric Parameter

Mador, E. S.; Goncim, H.Y.; Pam, IC; Mutihir, JT; Adoga, Godwin I.; Ogunranti, J. O.

doi:10.3126/ajms.v1i2.3145

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This is consistent with previous studies. [8,10] Cephalic index versus advancing gestational age did not show any linear relationship and it was independent of GA. Jeanty et al found that CI is independent of GA. [11] A constant CI of 78.3 from 14 to 40 weeks was observed by Hadlock et al with no significant change with advancing foetal age. [12] Tuli et al too noticed a constant value of 76.4 from 12 to 40 weeks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…[1] In other studies conducted on ethnic groups of Nigerian and Manipuri populations, the foetal head types changed from mesocephalic head type in early gestation to brachycephalic head type at term showing brachycephalisation which is said to be due to ethnic speciality of that particular race. [8,10] In addition to ethnicity factor, the anthropometrical variations in cephalic index may also be due to influence of several other factors on the human skeletal growth like nutritional status, environmental & cultural factors, hormones, etc.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Foetal Cephalic Index

Nagesh¹,

Shukla²,

V.V³

2016

jebmh

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Cephalic index is the ratio of head's breadth to length, which reflects the cranial dimensions and is an important parameter in anthropometry. Cephalic index is also known as cranial index and was defined by Swedish professor of anatomy Anders Retzius. It is useful to differentiate different types of crania belonging to different races, gender, age, geographical zones, tradition and nutrition, etc. AIMSTo estimate foetal cephalic index by ultrasonography, to classify foetal heads as per international categories and to know the frequent head types in second and third trimesters of pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODSThis prospective cross-sectional study included 100 normal singleton pregnant women with foetuses in the duration 12 to 40 weeks of gestational age. By ultrasonography, foetal head breadth and length was measured. Cephalic index was calculated by Breadth/Length X 100 and all the heads were classified as per international categories. RESULTSOf the total 100 foetal heads in the gestational age of 12 to 40 weeks, the mean cephalic index was 78.95±03.01. Mean biparietal diameter was 68.04±22.26. Mean occipitofrontal diameter was 86.38±28.61. According to cephalic index value 51% mesocephalic, 38% brachycephalic, 10% dolichocephalic and 1% hyperbrachycephalic heads were noticed. A mean cephalic index of 80 at 12-16 weeks, 78.48 at 36-40 weeks and a constant cephalic index of 78 to 79 was observed between 16-36 weeks. CONCLUSIONSThe mean cephalic index in the present study was 78.95 and is of mesocephalic phenotype in our study. It is the most frequent head type noticed. A linear correlation was observed between gestational age versus biparietal diameter and occipitofrontal diameter. No linear relationship was seen between gestational age and cephalic index. Brachycephalic heads at 12-16 weeks, mesocephalic heads at 36-40 weeks and a constant cephalic index of 78 to 79 was noticed from 16 to 36 weeks of gestation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Foetal Cephalic Index

Nagesh¹,

Shukla²,

V.V³

2016

jebmh

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“…The largest study to date found only 10.8% of affected children were diagnosed or even had mention of an abnormal skull shape on antenatal ultrasound. Jeanty et al, 6 Hadlock et al, 7 and Mador et al, 13 found the cranial index remains stable in the second and third trimester, whereas Kurmanavicius et al, 14 and Gray et al, 15 found significant variation with gestational age. There have been a small number of studies evaluating the cranial sutures on antenatal ultrasound, and these studies have universally found that the sutures are best seen on 3D ultrasound and the sagittal suture is the most difficult to identify.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data examining the stability of the CI antenatally is quite old and fairly sparse, and more research is needed in the area. Jeanty et al, 6 Hadlock et al, 7 and Mador et al, 13 found the cranial index remains stable in the second and third trimester, whereas Kurmanavicius et al, 14 and Gray et al, 15 found significant variation with gestational age. The latter two studies, however, were both cross-sectional in design, whereas the Jeanty study 6 was longitudinal in nature producing more reliable results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of obstetric ultrasound in the antenatal diagnosis of craniosynostosis: We need to do better

Constantine

David

Anderson

2016

Australas J Ultrasound Med

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Introduction: The cranial sutures allow for growth of the developing brain in both the pre-and post-natal period but also play a crucial role in vaginal delivery. Birth problems are commonly reported by the mothers of children with craniosynostosis and, in particular, sagittal synostosis. Methods: Patients presenting with all forms of craniosynostosis were identified through a search of computer records, and the antenatal imaging was obtained and examined. The fetal cranial measurements including biparietal diameter, occipitofrontal diameter and head circumference were recorded, and the cephalic index (CI) was calculated for each affected fetus. A birth history was also recorded. Results: Scans in both the second and third trimesters were available for 28 fetuses who had sagittal synostosis. Eight fetuses (29%) had a significant reduction in CI (>3) between the morphology and growth scans. There was an increase in the number of emergency caesarean deliveries in women whose fetuses had sagittal synostosis when compared with the general population (22% vs. 17%). Conclusion: The calculation of CI can be performed routinely at antenatal scanning. A value outside the normal range or a change in CI during the pregnancy should prompt detailed scanning of the fetal skull and cranial sutures. This will assist obstetricians with delivery planning.

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“…CI can be used widely in various forensic investigations. 7 Morphological changes and growth in each individual occur at 8-17 years old. After that age morphological changes and growth do not occur again.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in head size and shape during the growth of Deutero Malay children

Primasari¹,

Angelia²,

Agara³

2019

Padjadjaran J Dent

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Introduction: The growth periods of 0-18 years old can be studied with anthropometry by identifying the head size and shape of the human head. Study on vertical, transverse, and horizontal cephalic indexes can understand differences and growth between sexes and age groups. This study was aimed to analyse the averages and differences in the head size and shape of Deutero Malay children in different age groups. Methods: This research was a descriptive analytic study with cross-sectional design. The sample of 192 Deutero Malay children consisted of boys and girls with an age range of 7-18 years old. Measurement of head height, length, and width was performed to calculate the differences of vertical, transverse, and horizontal cephalic index values by sex and age group, and the classification of the head shape based on the cephalic index values. Results: There was a difference of vertical, transverse, and horizontal by age group, with p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). The average of vertical, transverse, and horizontal cephalic index values was significantly higher in each age group. The average horizontal cephalic index was significantly higher in boys and girls. There was no significant difference in the head shape by the vertical and horizontal cephalic index in all age groups. The highest vertical cephalic index found was chamaecephalic (68%). The highest transverse cephalic index was tapeiocephalic (99%). The highest horizontal cephalic index was hyperbrachycephalic (80%). Conclusion: There is similar head shape of Deutero Malay children, although there may be increasing head size along with age. Keywords: Deutero Malay, head shape, cephalic index, transverse cephalic index, horizontal cephalic index, vertical cephalic index

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Cephalic Index: A Fetal Gestational Age Dependent Biometric Parameter

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

An Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Foetal Cephalic Index

An Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Foetal Cephalic Index

The use of obstetric ultrasound in the antenatal diagnosis of craniosynostosis: We need to do better

Differences in head size and shape during the growth of Deutero Malay children

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