Cephalodiscus sp. (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia): observations of functional morphology, behavior and occurrence in shallow water around Bermuda

Lester, Susan M.

doi:10.1007/bf00393246

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The majority of described species have been collected in the deep sea and only few species are known from shallow waters. These include Rhabdopleura normani and C. gracilis that can easily be accessed by snorkelling in shallow waters on the Bermuda Islands (Lester 1985(Lester , 1988a or Rhabdopleura compacta that lives off the south coasts of England ). Due to their secreted tubes, pterobranchs are associated with the fossil group Graptolithina that are known from the Cambrian through the Carboniferous.…”

Section: Pterobranchiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A putative third genus is monotypic with Atubaria heterolopha (Sato 1936 ) from deeper Japanese waters, yet the validity of this genus is questionable (Mierzejewski 2004 ). Many Cephalodiscus species live in fi ngerlike branched coenecia and have individual zooids, although in some species, the zooids are linked to each other by the posterior stalk (Lester 1985 ). Cephalodiscus spp.…”

Section: Systematics and Phylogenetic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, within the last fi ve decades, about a dozen of different enteropneusts have been documented in the deep sea (Osborn et al 2012 ). In contrast, pterobranchs have been found in intertidal zones of tropical waters only recently (Lester 1985 ) and might have been overlooked previously due to their minute size and superfi cial similarities in their gross morphology with other tube-dwelling animals, such as polychaetes and ectoprocts.…”

Section: Introduction Synopsismentioning

confidence: 97%

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Hemichordata

Kaul-Strehlow¹,

Röttinger²

2015

Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6

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Section: Pterobranchiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Systematics and Phylogenetic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction Synopsismentioning

confidence: 97%

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Hemichordata

Kaul-Strehlow¹,

Röttinger²

2015

Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6

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“…Halanych (1993) observed flicking movements of the tentacles but was unable to relate these to particle capture. The observations of Gilmour (1979), Dilly (1985, Lester (1985), and Halanych (1993) all show that the pterobranchs are upstream-collecting filter feeders, but the mechanism of particle capture is undocumented. Dilly (1985) observed particles of borax carmine or carbon being trapped in mucus which moved along the frontal side of tentacles and arms toward the mouth, but it is unknown whether mucus is involved in feeding on natural food particles.…”

Section: Upstream-collecting Ciliary Bands and Phylogenymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tentacle structure and filter-feeding in Crisia eburnea and other cyclostomatous bryozoans, with a review of upstream-collecting mechanisms

Nielsen¹,

Riisgård²

1998

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

104

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ABSTRACT-The upstream-collecting filter-feeding mechanisms occurring in many aquatic organisms are not adequately descnbed. Tentacles of Crisia eburnea and other cyclostome bryozoans, with only lateral and laterofrontal ciliary bands, are among the least complicated upstream-collecting systems among metazoans. SEM and TEM revealed that the tentacles have 2 rows of very closely set lateral cilia and 1 row of stiff laterofrontal cilia on each side. The shape of the basal membrane and the longitudinal muscles indicate that the tentacles are specialized for flicking movements directed towards the centre of the tentacle crown. Video observations of C. eburnea feeding on Rhodomonas cells showed charactenstic velocity gradients around the tentacle crown. Particles in the central current galn the highest velocity at the entrance to the tentacle crown from where the speed decreases to zero in front of the mouth. Usually the path of a particle deviates from the downward course to a more outwards directed course (between the tentacies), where they may be irclppeci by iile iiiiel iarnied by the stiff Ieteiofron:~! cilia; the tentacle then makes a flick that brings the particle into the central current and further down towards the mouth. A survey of the literature shows that a similar mechanical filter mechanism occurs also in gymnolaemate bryozoans and their cyphonautes larvae, but that the particle-collecting mechanism of larvae and adults of phoronids, brachiopods, pterobranchs, and enteropneusts is different. The differences in structure and functlon between the tentacles of ectoprocts and those of phoronids, brachiopods and pterobranchs support the idea that the 2 types of tentacle crowns are not homologous.

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“…The colonies were found to grow on the concave side of disarticulated lamellibranch shells, mostly Glycymeris glycymeris (dog cockle), collected from the seabed at 21-to 24-m depth, 1-2 miles south of Stoke Point in Devon (Stebbing, 1968). Following this discovery, a species of Cephalodiscus (Lester, 1985) and R. normani (Lester, 1988b) were also discovered in shallow water, this time only 0.5-2 m depth in coastal waters of Bermuda. These discoveries have facilitated study of developmental biology in Rhabdopleura.…”

Section: Discovery Of Shallow Water Pterobranchsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: History and perspectives

Sato

Bishop

Holland

2008

Genesis

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Summary: Hemichordates, like echinoderms and chordates, are deuterostomes, and study of their developmental biology could shed light on chordate origins. To date, molecular developmental studies in hemichordates have been confined to the enteropneusts or acorn worms. Here, we introduce the developmental biology of the other group of hemichordate, the pterobranchs. Pterobranchs generally live in cold, deep waters; this has hampered studies of this group. However, about 40 years ago, the colonial pterobranchs Rhabdopleura compacta and R. normani were discovered from shallow water, which has facilitated their study. Using Rhabdopleura compacta from south-west England, we have initiated molecular developmental studies in pterobranchs. Here, we outline methods for collecting adults, larvae, and embryos and demonstrate culturing of larvae under laboratory conditions. Given that the larval and adult forms differ from enteropneusts, we suggest that molecular developmental studies of pterobranchs may offer new insights into chordate origins. genesis 46:587-591, 2008. V V C 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Cephalodiscus sp. (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia): observations of functional morphology, behavior and occurrence in shallow water around Bermuda

Cited by 50 publications

References 8 publications

Hemichordata

Hemichordata

Tentacle structure and filter-feeding in Crisia eburnea and other cyclostomatous bryozoans, with a review of upstream-collecting mechanisms

Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: History and perspectives

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