Cephalometric craniofacial features in Saudi parents and their offspring

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the correlation and heritability values of craniofacial variables between parents and their offspring. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 24 Saudi families; each family consisted of father, mother, son, and daughter. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for each family member. Twenty-eight angular, linear, and proportional cephalometric variables were measured. Interfamilial correlations and heritability (h 2 ) values were estimated among father-son, father-daughter, mother-son, and mother-daughter pairings. Results: The most similar angular measurements between parents and offspring were related to mandibular variables, which were as follows: MP-SNu, MP-FHu, SNBu, and SNPogu; facial height dimensions and mandibular body length were among the highest similar linear variables. Lower facial height percentage had greater resemblance to parents with regard to proportional measurements. Both the correlation coefficients and the heritable values of these characteristics were stronger in the father-offspring than the mother-offspring pairings. The daughters' cephalometric craniofacial characteristics were more affected by the parents than were those of the sons. Conclusions: The overall correlation and h 2 mean values for the three types of measurements showed stronger values in the father-offspring than the mother-offspring groups, with the fatherdaughter pairings more significant than the father-son groups.

The Comparison of Facial Estethics between Orthodontically Treated Patients and Their Parents

“…This result is in accordance with the results of a previous study [35]. In general, there were more correlations and higher h 2   values in the father-offspring groups than in the mother-offspring groups.…”

“…In general, there were more correlations and higher h 2   values in the father-offspring groups than in the mother-offspring groups. This result is consistent with the results of other studies [35, 36]. However, there is a study that does not confirm our results which found no significant difference in the value of any parents-offspring correlations [8].…”

Human Facial Shape and Size Heritability and Genetic Correlations

“…Previous estimates of the heritability of facial shape distances and angles were principally derived by direct measurements between common facial morphometric landmarks on human faces, cephalograms, and skulls. These estimates vary widely; in general, facial height dimensions tend to be more heritable than width (Manfredi et al 1997;Carson 2006;Amini and Borzabadi-Farahani 2009;AlKhudhairi and AlKofide 2010), in contrast with the rest of the skull, for which heritability of width tends to be greater than for height (Martínez-Abadías et al 2009a,b, 2012.…”

Genomewide Association Study of African Children Identifies Association of SCHIP1 and PDE8A with Facial Size and Shape

“…The strong facial resemblance among close relatives, and the high heritabilities of many facial measurements [2–6], underscore a major genetic component underlying facial shape. It is clear that aging and environmental factors such as nutrition also play large roles in facial shape.…”

“…While facial variation is subject to environmental modifiers such as age and nutritional status, striking facial similarities within families suggest a strong genetic component [1], and heritability of some facial measurements is as high as 94% [2–6]. …”