Cephalometric evaluation of natural head position in Lingayat population of Karnataka

Abstract

Aims and Objectives: To ascertain norms in cephalometry for 11- to 13-year-old Lingayat children in natural head position (NHP). Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of children were obtained by using fluid level device. We determined the variance in Frankfort horizontal plane (FHP) inclination to extracranial horizontal in NHP. The G * Power, version 20 for Windows was used for analysis. Results: Reduced facial convexity was observed when the analysis was carried out in relation to true horizontal with significant difference of “ t ” value of 3.05 and percentage difference of 1.1 ( P < 0.01) and for girls “ t ” value of 9.69 and percentage difference of 2.5 ( P < 0.001). The highest correlation coefficient for Lingayat boys ( r = 0.77) was seen between palatal plane and occlusal plane. We found least correlation coefficient among FHP and Sella–nasion plane (SNP). The coefficient was r = 0.62 and correlation coefficient of r = 0.70 was between FHP and determination coefficient r 2 = 0.38 or 38%. For girls, highest correlation coefficient of r = 0.70 was seen among FHP and palatal plane. Conclusion: Conventional study of craniofacial forms of Lingayat children showed the average skeletal pattern as Class II with retrognathic mandible in comparison to Caucasians. However, when seen in NHP by new method of analysis based on the true horizontal, the skeletal model was Class III in comparison to Caucasians.

A scoping review of cephalometric normative data in children

“…First, the sample size was not justified in the included studies, except for one article. 56 This study achieved the highest score in the quality appraisal; however, it only examined a small number of cephalometric measurements. Second, several factors contributed to the risk of bias across studies in the scoping review: a few landmarks and reference planes used were inconsistent among studies, standardization of cephalometric radiographs can be difficult (different magnifications of cephalometric films among studies), and studies did not report a consistent set of cephalometric parameters.…”

“…Sixteen cross-sectional studies found no sex-related differences in mandibular position relative to cranial base (SNB, SNPg, FH/NPg; Figure 2) in children at different timepoint between the ages of 4-14 years. [32][33][34][36][37][38]42,46,48,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Two longitudinal and two crosssectional studies found more protrusive mandibles in females than in males, 2,27,35,49 where SNB was greater in female children below 14 years of age. Three other studies 30,31,41 observed significantly greater SNB in males over 17 years at 22, 18, and 17 years of age.…”

“…30 Several longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have not observed significant differences between males and females in the maxillomandibular relationship: ANB, [30][31][32][33]36,38,[46][47][48][49]51,54,55 NAPg, [31][32][33]36,42,51,55 Wits appraisal, 30,33,51 and Mx-Md differences. 55,57 There are a few exceptions; 27,56,57 however, the overall consensus is that males and females have a similar maxillomandibular relationship.…”