CEPXS/ONELD version 2.0: a discrete ordinates code package for general one-dimensional coupled electron-photon transport

Lorence, L.J.

doi:10.1109/23.159754

Cited by 44 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The physical thickness of the gate oxide varies from very thick (1000 nm) to ultra-thin . Thicker oxides are useful for estimating equilibrium doses in dielectric layers, especially for low-energy x rays, where the range of most of the secondary electrons is less than the dielectric thickness [11], [21], [22]. The ultra-thin gate dielectrics are more relevant for comparison to results for present and future generations of deep submicron CMOS technologies.…”

Section: A Structuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Metal Gates and Back-End-of-Line Materials on X-Ray Dose in ${\rm HfO}_{2}$ Gate Oxide

Dasgupta

Fleetwood

Reed

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The effects of 10-keV and 400-keV endpoint-energy bremsstrahlung x-rays have been studied using the Monte Carlo simulator, MRED, for MOS capacitors with gate dielectrics and TiN and TaN metal gates. We compute the reduction in dose that occurs for 10-keV x-ray irradiation of thin gate dielectrics sandwiched between the metal gate and the Si substrate. We quantify the effects of back-end-of-line metallization layers, including copper interconnects, W vias, and borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) and passivation layers for low and medium energy x-rays. For thick metallization stacks irradiated by 10-keV x-rays, dose enhancement or attenuation can occur, depending on material type and overlayer thicknesses. For similar stacks irradiated with 400-keV endpoint-energy bremsstrahlung x-rays, significant dose enhancement is observed. Index Terms-Dose enhancement,, high-, Monte-Carlo Radiative Energy Deposition (MRED), MOS capacitors, .

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Section: A Structuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Metal Gates and Back-End-of-Line Materials on X-Ray Dose in ${\rm HfO}_{2}$ Gate Oxide

Dasgupta

Fleetwood

Reed

et al. 2011

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…The look-up table is generated on the basis of the 'general electron-photon transport code' of Lorence (1992). This code takes into account the scattering of electrons, production of secondary electrons, angular dependent X-ray production, photoelectric absorption of X-rays and Compton scattering of X-rays.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

First terrestrial soft X-ray auroral observation by the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Bhardwaj

Gladstone

Elsner

et al. 2007

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

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Northern auroral regions of Earth were imaged with energetic photons in the 0.1-10 keV range using the HighResolution Camera (HRC-I) aboard the Chandra X-ray Observatory at 10 epochs (each $20 min duration) between midDecember 2003 and mid-April 2004. These observations aimed at searching for Earth's soft (o2 keV) X-ray aurora in a comparative study with Jupiter's X-ray aurora, where a pulsating X-ray ''hot-spot'' has been previously observed by Chandra. The first Chandra soft X-ray observations of Earth's aurora show that it is highly variable (intense arcs, multiple arcs, diffuse patches, at times absent). In at least one of the observations an isolated blob of emission is observed near the expected cusp location. A fortuitous overflight of DMSP satellite F13 provided SSJ/4 energetic particle measurements above a bright arc seen by Chandra on 24 January 2004, 20:01-20:22 UT. A model of the emissions expected strongly suggests that the observed soft X-ray signal is bremsstrahlung and characteristic K-shell line emissions of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere produced by electrons. r

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“…The CEPXS/ONELD code [11,12] is a discrete ordinates code package for solving one-dimensional coupled electron-photon transport down to 1 keV. It was run on an IBM RISC 6000 UNIX workstation.…”

Section: A Transport Code Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrum determination and modification of the AFRL Co-60 cell

Turinetti¹,

Kemp²,

Chavez³

1998

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The spectrum of a Co-60 facility includes more than the two photopeaks of gamma ray emission. If there IS a large low energy contribution from scattering, dose enhancement might be a problem. It is important to know the spectrum of a CO-60 facility and understand how experimental modifications can change that spectrum. The AFRL Co-60 cell spectrum is found to be a clean spectrum with small low energy contributions and dominant Go-60 photopeaks. Experimental modifications to reduce dose enhancement such as the use of a Pb/Al box and even better a Pb/Sn/Cu/Al box are found to decrease the low energy contributions. Experimental modifications to reduce dose rate such as using lead attenuators in front of the experiment andor raising the source partially are found to s i g " t l y alter the spectrum, sometimes creating large low energy contributions.

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CEPXS/ONELD version 2.0: a discrete ordinates code package for general one-dimensional coupled electron-photon transport

Cited by 44 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of Metal Gates and Back-End-of-Line Materials on X-Ray Dose in ${\rm HfO}_{2}$ Gate Oxide

Effects of Metal Gates and Back-End-of-Line Materials on X-Ray Dose in ${\rm HfO}_{2}$ Gate Oxide

First terrestrial soft X-ray auroral observation by the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Spectrum determination and modification of the AFRL Co-60 cell

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