Cereal landraces genetic resources in worldwide GeneBanks. A review

Carvalho, M. A. A. Pinheiro de; Bebeli, Penelope J.; Bettencourt, E.; Costa, Graça; Dias, S.; Santos, Teresa M. M. dos; Śląski, Jan

doi:10.1007/s13593-012-0090-0

Cited by 57 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…Although the benefit of genebank conservation for plant breeders is unquestionable (reviewed by De Carvalho et al, 2013), concerns have been raised regarding the use of extant landrace material for studying questions regarding crop evolution (Lister et al, 2009;Hagenblad et al, 2012, Leino et al, 2013Roullier et al, 2013). Genetic drift, selection and contamination are all processes that can lead to changes in the genetic identity of landraces during ex situ regenerations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers without borders—genetic structuring in century old barley (Hordeum vulgare)

et al. 2014

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The geographic distribution of genetic diversity can reveal the evolutionary history of a species. For crop plants, phylogeographic patterns also indicate how seed has been exchanged and spread in agrarian communities. Such patterns are, however, easily blurred by the intense seed trade, plant improvement and even genebank conservation during the twentieth century, and discerning fine-scale phylogeographic patterns is thus particularly challenging. Using historical crop specimens, these problems are circumvented and we show here how high-throughput genotyping of historical nineteenth century crop specimens can reveal detailed geographic population structure. Thirty-one historical and nine extant accessions of North European landrace barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), in total 231 individuals, were genotyped on a 384 single nucleotide polymorphism assay. The historical material shows constant high levels of within-accession diversity, whereas the extant accessions show more varying levels of diversity and a higher degree of total genotype sharing. Structure, discriminant analysis of principal components and principal component analysis cluster the accessions in latitudinal groups across country borders in Finland, Norway and Sweden. F ST statistics indicate strong differentiation between accessions from southern Fennoscandia and accessions from central or northern Fennoscandia, and less differentiation between central and northern accessions. These findings are discussed in the context of contrasting historical records on intense within-country south to north seed movement. Our results suggest that although seeds were traded long distances, long-term cultivation has instead been of locally available, possibly better adapted, genotypes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers without borders—genetic structuring in century old barley (Hordeum vulgare)

et al. 2014

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“…The exploitation of crop landraces, which represent diverse traditional domesticated populations and localized adaptations, presents one strategy to accomplish this goal (Pasam et al, 2014). The landraces are at risk of genetic erosion and possible extinction and are considered among the most threatened components of agrobiodiversity (de Carvalho et al, 2013). In Tunisia, traditional barley landraces are cultivated by subsistence farmers who prefer them to modern introduced varieties due to their adaptation to different extreme environmental conditions (Chaabane et al, 2009;Zoghlami et al, 2011).…”

Section: Low Genetic Differentiation and Evidence Of Gene Flow Among mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the use of cereal landraces has dramatically declined in the second half of the last century due to their replacement with modern cultivars in most parts of the world. The landraces are at risk of genetic erosion and possible extinction and are considered among the most threatened components of agrobiodiversity (de Carvalho et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Low Genetic Differentiation and Evidence of Gene Flow among Barley Landrace Populations in Tunisia

et al. 2017

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Tunisian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces, representing the oldest cultivated accessions, are growing in scattered populations across drought‐ and salt‐stressed environments and constitute a precious reservoir of potentially useful traits for breeding programs. The objective of this study was to elucidate genetic diversity and population structure of barley landraces across the landscape of Tunisia. Populations from 11 geographic zones were genotyped using 21 nuclear microsatellites. A high level of genetic polymorphism with 170 detected alleles was recorded among the studied genotypes. The average allelic richness was 8.095 alleles per locus. The index of genetic diversity (He) showed an average of 0.741. Genetic diversity was very high within populations, whereas differences among populations were difficult to detect. Only 0.15% of the DNA variation was apportioned among landraces (P < 0.001), whereas 99.85% of the DNA variation was maintained within these landraces. A high gene flow (Nm) was revealed among the investigated populations, which has been facilitated by exchange of barley seeds between Tunisian cereal farmers of different regions. Genetic diversity within Tunisian barley landrace germplasms may help to maintain adaptation to a broad range of environmental conditions and provide genetically diverse resources for barley breeders. Both ex situ (seed banks) and in situ (on‐farm) conservation strategies may be required to maintain barley landrace genetic resources.

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“…Landraces represent not only a valuable source of potentially useful traits, but also an irreplaceable bank of highly co-adapted genotypes (Brush 1999). Despite their importance, the cultivation or use of landraces is challenging because in many cases they have already disappeared or cannot be properly identified (de Carvalho et al 2013;Jaradat 2014), which in turn, prevent the possibility for their conservation and valorization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic identity of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) landraces locally cultivated in the Alps

Barcaccia

Volpato

Gentili

et al. 2015

Genet Resour Crop Evol

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The conservation of landraces in Europe is challenging because very often they have already disappeared or cannot be properly identified, which in turn prevents any possibility for their utilization. This work deals with the collection of molecular and historical data to identify and study the original landraces of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), locally cultivated in Northern Italy (Valtellina) and to date surviving among other commercial varieties, recently introduced in the same areas of the Alps. As plant materials of F. esculentum, we analyzed a number of Italian accessions along with two foreign accessions from Poland and Nepal, for a total of 174 individuals. Molecular investigations were based on a set of eight nuclear SSR marker loci. The mean observed heterozygosity over all accessions was equal to Ho = 0.466, being significantly lower than the expected heterozygosity (He = 0.764). A major finding was the recognition of a marked inbreeding rate (Fit = 0.387) and a reduced fixation index (Fst = 0.061), indicating that most genetic variation is found within populations. A significant overall gene flow among accessions was found (Nm = 3.846). Results indicated that only two of the examined accessions, the so-called “Nustran” and “Curunin”, could be considered, authentic Valtellina landraces. On the basis of results, we successfully developed a multi-locus marker system and identified a number of co-dominant marker alleles suitable for genetic traceability and authenticity certification of a “Nustran” and a “Curunin” autochthonous landraces of Valtellina and its food derivatives (i.e., Pizzoccheri, Polenta taragna)

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Cereal landraces genetic resources in worldwide GeneBanks. A review

Cited by 57 publications

References 88 publications

Farmers without borders—genetic structuring in century old barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Farmers without borders—genetic structuring in century old barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Low Genetic Differentiation and Evidence of Gene Flow among Barley Landrace Populations in Tunisia

Genetic identity of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) landraces locally cultivated in the Alps

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