Cerebellar morphology and behavioural correlations of the vestibular function alterations in weightlessness

Kharlamova, Anastasia; Proshchina, Alexandra; Gulimova, V. I.; Krivova, Yuliya; Soldatov, P. E.; Saveliev, Sergey

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.011

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The findings coincide with the data on GFAP expression level decreases in the rat hippocampus after microgravity [15]. At the same time, no differences were found in the immunoreactivity patterns and intensity of reaction with GFAP antibodies in the cerebellum between the flight and control groups in geckos after the completion of spaceflights on board 'Bion-M1' [34]. In our study, no alteration or disturbances of the geckos' spinal cord astrocyte population were also revealed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, no locomotion disturbances were revealed in geckos in the experiments. In our previous studies, we focused on the prolonged spaceflight effects on the cerebellum [33,34] and concluded that in the CNS, inputs from the vestibular system are compared with visual and proprioceptive signals to control motions and compensate for head and eye movements. In humans, changes in motor inputs descending from the brain are supposed to induce inhibition of spinal reflexes under microgravity and contradictorily, facilitated under hypergravity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, gecko cerebellum was studied after a 30-day space flight onboard 'Bion-M1', including immunohistochemical investigation of neuron and astrocyte cytoskeletal antigens-beta-3-tubulin (TUBB3) and glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP). It was shown that cytoskeleton elements could be involved in alteration of the nervous system under the space flight conditions [34]. All of these changes in the cerebellum were transitional and quickly reversible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reptiles are a rather exotic object for space biology research. However, some of reptilian specimens possess a number of advantages not presented by other model animals [32][33][34]. Thick-toed geckos were successfully used in the research projects onboard the 'Foton-M2' (2005), 'Foton-M3' (2007), and 'Bion-M1' (2013) unmanned spacecrafts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytoskeleton Markers in the Spinal Cord and Mechanoreceptors of Thick-Toed Geckos after Prolonged Space Flights

Proshchina

Gulimova

Kharlamova

et al. 2022

Life

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Spaceflight may cause hypogravitational motor syndrome (HMS). However, the role of the nervous system in the formation of HMS remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of space flights on the cytoskeleton of the neuronal and glial cells in the spinal cord and mechanoreceptors in the toes of thick-toed geckos (Chondrodactylus turneri GRAY, 1864). Thick-toed geckos are able to maintain attachment and natural locomotion in weightlessness. Different types of mechanoreceptors have been described in the toes of geckos. After flight, neurofilament 200 immunoreactivity in mechanoreceptors was lower than in control. In some motor neurons of flight geckos, nonspecific pathomorphological changes were observed, but they were also detected in the control. No signs of gliosis were detected after spaceflight. Cytoskeleton markers adequately reflect changes in the cells of the nervous system. We suggest that geckos’ adhesion is controlled by the nervous system. Our study revealed no significant disturbances in the morphology of the spinal cord after the prolonged space flight, supporting the hypothesis that geckos compensate the alterations, characteristic for other mammals in weightlessness, by tactile stimulation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytoskeleton Markers in the Spinal Cord and Mechanoreceptors of Thick-Toed Geckos after Prolonged Space Flights

Proshchina

Gulimova

Kharlamova

et al. 2022

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“…The response of humans to LEO is complex, with many systems being affected [ 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ] and with a variety of parameters changing in LEO. Some physiological changes are influenced by combinations of factors ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Responses Of Humans To Space Flight and Living In Leomentioning

confidence: 99%

Homo sapiens—A Species Not Designed for Space Flight: Health Risks in Low Earth Orbit and Beyond, Including Potential Risks When Traveling beyond the Geomagnetic Field of Earth

Hart

2023

Life

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Homo sapiens and their predecessors evolved in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth, including a 1 g gravity and a geomagnetic field (GMF). These variables, plus others, led to complex organisms that evolved under a defined set of conditions and define how humans will respond to space flight, a circumstance that could not have been anticipated by evolution. Over the past ~60 years, space flight and living in low Earth orbit (LEO) have revealed that astronauts are impacted to varying degrees by such new environments. In addition, it has been noted that astronauts are quite heterogeneous in their response patterns, indicating that such variation is either silent if one remained on Earth, or the heterogeneity unknowingly contributes to disease development during aging or in response to insults. With the planned mission to deep space, humans will now be exposed to further risks from radiation when traveling beyond the influence of the GMF, as well as other potential risks that are associated with the actual loss of the GMF on the astronauts, their microbiomes, and growing food sources. Experimental studies with model systems have revealed that hypogravity conditions can influence a variety biological and physiological systems, and thus the loss of the GMF may have unanticipated consequences to astronauts’ systems, such as those that are electrical in nature (i.e., the cardiovascular system and central neural systems). As astronauts have been shown to be heterogeneous in their responses to LEO, they may require personalized countermeasures, while others may not be good candidates for deep-space missions if effective countermeasures cannot be developed for long-duration missions. This review will discuss several of the physiological and neural systems that are affected and how the emerging variables may influence astronaut health and functioning.

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Studying the structure of the nucleus of the trochlear nerve in mice through 7 days of readaptation to earth gravity after spaceflight

et al. 2022

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Cerebellar morphology and behavioural correlations of the vestibular function alterations in weightlessness

Cited by 9 publications

References 106 publications

Cytoskeleton Markers in the Spinal Cord and Mechanoreceptors of Thick-Toed Geckos after Prolonged Space Flights

Cytoskeleton Markers in the Spinal Cord and Mechanoreceptors of Thick-Toed Geckos after Prolonged Space Flights

Homo sapiens—A Species Not Designed for Space Flight: Health Risks in Low Earth Orbit and Beyond, Including Potential Risks When Traveling beyond the Geomagnetic Field of Earth

Studying the structure of the nucleus of the trochlear nerve in mice through 7 days of readaptation to earth gravity after spaceflight

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