Cerebellum Activation Associated with Performance Change but Not Motor Learning

Seidler, Rachael D.; Purushotham, Archana; Kim, S.-G.; Uğurbil, Kâmil; Willingham, Daniel T.; Ashe, James

doi:10.1126/science.1068524

Cited by 191 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This corresponds with recent findings of an fMRI imaging study of a serial reaction-time task that revealed a cerebellar activation associated with the modification of motor performance but not with the learning of the visuomotor skill itself (Seidler et al 2002). Likewise, another fMRI study showed a cerebellar involvement in reassigning motor responses to different visual stimuli but not in switching attention between stimuli without motor demands (BischoffGrethe et al 2002).…”

Section: Learning Of Sequences Of Simple Visual Imagessupporting

confidence: 57%

“…In a recent fMRI study of a serial reaction-time task, subjects performed a concurrent distractor task to suppress the performance changes associated with learning. No cerebellar activation associated with the learning phase was found, but the cerebellum seemed to contribute to the modification of motor performance after removal of the distractor (Seidler et al 2002). In the present study, to exclude a motor dependency of a potential cerebellar involvement in sequence learning, motor demands were reduced as far as possible.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Learning of Sensory Sequences in Cerebellar Patients

Frings

Boenisch²,

Gerwig³

et al. 2004

Learn. Mem.

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A possible role of the cerebellum in detecting and recognizing event sequences has been proposed. The present study sought to determine whether patients with cerebellar lesions are impaired in the acquisition and discrimination of sequences of sensory stimuli of different modalities. A group of 26 cerebellar patients and 26 controls matched for age, sex, handedness, musicality, and level of education were tested. Auditory and visual sensory sequences were presented out of different sensory pattern categories (tones with different acoustic frequencies and durations, visual stimuli with different spatial locations and colors, sequential vision of irregular shapes) and different ranges of inter-cue time intervals (fast and slow). Motor requirements were small, with vocal responses and no time restrictions. Perception of visual and acoustic stimuli was generally preserved in patients and controls. The number of errors was significantly higher in the faster tempo of sequence presentation in learning of sequences of tones of different frequencies and in learning of sequences of visual stimuli of different spatial locations and different colors. No difference in tempo between the groups was shown. The total number of errors between the two groups was identical in the sequence conditions. No major disturbances in acquisition or discrimination of various sensory sequences were observed in the group of cerebellar patients. Sequence learning may be impaired only in tasks with significant motor demands.

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Section: Learning Of Sequences Of Simple Visual Imagessupporting

confidence: 57%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning of Sensory Sequences in Cerebellar Patients

Frings

Boenisch²,

Gerwig³

et al. 2004

Learn. Mem.

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“…Mr. Pierson is employed by the University of Iowa. His research contribution was also supported by NIH grants (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). He has no other biomedical financial interests relevant to the subject matter of this review.…”

Section: Recent Evidence For the Role Of The Cerebellum In Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia

Andreasen

Pierson

2008

Biological Psychiatry

606

453

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For many years the cerebellum has been considered to serve as a coordinator of motor function. Likewise, for many years schizophrenia has been considered to be a disease that primarily affects the cerebrum. This review summarizes recent evidence that both these views must be revised in the light of emerging evidence about cerebellar function and the mechanisms of schizophrenia. Evidence indicating that the cerebellum plays a role in higher cortical functions is summarized. Evidence indicating that cerebellar abnormalities occur in schizophrenia is also reviewed. These suggest interesting directions for future research. Recent Evidence for the Role of the Cerebellum in CognitionThe tentorium was once the Maginot Line of the brain. Supratentorial regions governed "higher cortical functions," while the humble subtentorial cerebellum performed "lower" functions unrelated to cognition. Recent evidence has illustrated the possible falsity of this dichotomy and has led to a growing group of neuroscientists to reconceptualize the cerebellum as a key player in higher cognitive functions (2; 3; 7-15).One line of evidence for the importance of the cerebellum in cognition arises from evolutionary and developmental neurobiology. Two regions in the human brain are massively larger (by approximately 1/3) than in other higher primates who lack human capacities for complex language, high-level abstract concept formation, the creation of art in its many various forms, and social constructs such as government structure and economic principles. One region is obvious: the prefrontal cortex. The other would not be predicted by most: the cerebellum (16). Why did this convergent expansion occur? One likely explanation is that these two regions work together to perform the variety of "higher cognitive" tasks executed by the ingenious human brain.Anatomical support for the "cerebellar cognitive theory" has been provided by a group of careful tract-tracing studies (17-23). In particular, Strick's group has been applying retrograde and anterograde tract-mapping with herpes and rabies viruses for more than a © 2008 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Address correspondence to: Dr. Nancy C. Andreasen, The University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Room W278 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242-1057, Phone: 319-356-1553. Financial Disclosures: Dr. Andreasen is employed by The University of Iowa. This research was supported by NIH grants to her (5 R01 MH 04856 -20 and 5 R01 MH060990 -09). She has no other biomedical financial interests relevant to the subject matter of this review. Mr. Pierson is employed by the University of Iowa. His research contribution was also supported by NIH grants (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). He has no other biomedical financial interests relevant to the subject matter of this review.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are pro...

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“…In summary, the double role of posterior interpositus neurons as an enhancer of facial motoneuron firing and as a damping device could help to explain cerebellar contribution to the proper performance of ongoing motor responses (mainly during the acquisition process) and to its proper timing (Welsh and Harvey, 1991;Delgado-García et al, 2002;Medina et al, 2002;Seidler et al, 2002;Koekkoek et al, 2003). Trigo et al, 1999) and the corresponding eyelid position (C; in degrees) and acceleration (D; in degrees per squared second) traces.…”

Section: Phase-inversion Properties and Modulating Role Of Posterior mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The enigmatic role of cerebellar circuits in relation to the generation and control of spontaneous and acquired motor responses has been variously ascribed to a putative center for motor coordination and integration (Eccles et al, 1967;Thach et al, 1992), a neural center controlling motor timing of the different muscles involved in a given movement (Llinás and Welsh, 1993;Welsh and Llinás, 1997;Lang et al, 1999;Kitazawa and Wolpert, 2005), the place for motor learning and memory storage (Ito, 1984;Krupa et al, 1993;Mauk, 1997;Bracha et al, 2001;Christian and Thompson, 2003) and, in a more parsimonious way, that of a center designed for the reinforcement and/or proper performance of ongoing movements (Holmes, 1939;Welsh and Harvey, 1991;Llinás and Welsh, 1993;Gruart et al, 2000;DelgadoGarcía and Gruart, 2002;Seidler et al, 2002;Jiménez-Díaz et al, 2004). Nevertheless, for a proper understanding of cerebellar functioning, it will be necessary to approach the neural activity of cerebellar circuits during the actual performance of spontaneous, reflex, and learned movements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cerebellar Interpositus Nucleus and the Dynamic Control of Learned Motor Responses

Sánchez-Campusano¹,

Gruart²,

Delgado‐García³

2007

Journal of Neuroscience

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The role played by the cerebellum in movement control requires knowledge of interdependent relationships between kinetic neural commands and the performance (kinematics) of learned motor responses. The eyelid motor system is an excellent model for studying how simple motor responses are elaborated and performed. Kinetic variables (n ϭ 24) were determined here by recording the firing activities of orbicularis oculi motoneurons and cerebellar interpositus neurons in alert cats during classical conditioning, using a delay paradigm. Kinematic variables (n ϭ 36) were selected from eyelid position, velocity, and acceleration traces recorded during the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus interval. Optimized experimental and analytical tools allowed us to determine the evolution of kinetic and kinematic variables, the dynamic correlation functions relating motoneuron and interpositus neuron firing to eyelid conditioning responses, the falling correlation property of the interpositus nucleus across the successive training sessions, the time and significance of the linear relationships between these variables, and finally, the phase-inversion property of interpositus neurons with respect to acquired conditioned responses. Whereas motoneurons encoded eyelid kinematics at every instant of the dynamic correlation range and generated the natural oscillatory properties of the neuromuscular elements involved in eyeblinks, interpositus neurons did not directly encode eyelid performance: namely, their contribution was only slightly significant in the dynamic correlation range, and this regularity caused the integrated neuronal activity to oscillate by progressively inverting phase information. Therefore, interpositus neurons seem to play a modulating role in the dynamic control of learned motor responses, i.e., they could be considered a neuronal phase-modulating device.

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Cerebellum Activation Associated with Performance Change but Not Motor Learning

Cited by 191 publications

References 32 publications

Learning of Sensory Sequences in Cerebellar Patients

Learning of Sensory Sequences in Cerebellar Patients

The Role of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia

The Cerebellar Interpositus Nucleus and the Dynamic Control of Learned Motor Responses

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