Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Associated With Attribution of Emotional Valence to Pleasant, Unpleasant, and Neutral Visual Stimuli in a PET Study of Normal Subjects

Paradiso, Sergio; Johnson, Debra; Andreasen, Nancy C.; O’Leary, Daniel S.; Watkins, G. Leonard; Ponto, Laura L. Boles; Hichwa, Richard D.

doi:10.1176/ajp.156.10.1618

Cited by 278 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Vermis activation also occurs in response to nondrug rewards or their anticipation (Rogers et al, 1999;Kunig et al, 2000;Martin-Solch et al, 2001;Knutson et al, 2003), painful or aversive stimuli or their anticipation (Paradiso et al, 1999;Casey et al, 2000;Becerra et al, 2001), and interoceptive stimuli triggered by vegetative regulatory functions including thirst (Egan et al, 2003), hunger (Tataranni et al, 1999), and respiratory stress (Evans et al, 2002). Together, those findings are consistent with the suggestion that the cerebellum and the vermis process multimodal sensory inputs to influence cortical excitability and enhance motor sequence learning and execution (Molinari et al, 2002).…”

Section: Cerebellar Connectivity To Dopamine Circuitrysupporting

confidence: 78%

“…However, as has been noted by Cotterill (2001), 'Muscular contraction is the nervous system's only externally directed product, and the signaling routes which pass through the various brain components must ultimately converge on the motor areas' (Cotterill, 2001). Indeed, recent data suggest that the cerebellum plays fundamental roles in a number of cognitive processes required for executing goal-directed and suppressing disadvantageous behaviors, including sensory functions (Paradiso et al, 1999), attention (Allen et al, 1997;Bischoff-Grethe et al, 2002), conditioned response learning (Logan and Grafton, 1995), and executive functions (Smith and Jonides, 1997;Ernst et al, 2003;Hülsmann et al, 2003) including response inhibition (Mostofsky et al, 2003). Thus, the cerebellum is critically interposed to link internal processing of exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli to action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Cocaine-Related Behaviors

Anderson

Maas

Frederick

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Although the cerebellum is increasingly being viewed as a brain area involved in cognition, it typically is excluded from circuitry considered to mediate stimulant-associated behaviors since it is low in dopamine. Yet, the primate cerebellar vermis (lobules II-III and VIII-IX) has been reported to contain axonal dopamine transporter immunoreactivity (DAT-IR). We hypothesized that DAT-IR-containing vermis areas would be activated in cocaine abusers by cocaine-related cues and, in healthy humans, would accumulate DAT-selective ligands. We used BOLD fMRI to determine whether cocaine-related cues activated DAT-IR-enriched vermis regions in cocaine abusers and positron emission tomography imaging of healthy humans to determine whether the DAT-selective ligand [ 11 C]altropane accumulated in those vermis regions. Cocaine-related cues selectively induced BOLD activation in lobules II-III and VIII-IX in cocaine users, and, at early time points after ligand administration, we found appreciable [ 11 C]altropane accumulation in lobules VIII-IX, possibly indicating DAT presence in this region. These data suggest that parts of cerebellar vermis mediate cocaine's persisting and acute effects. In light of prior findings illustrating vermis connections to midbrain dopamine cell body regions, established roles for the vermis as a locus of sensorimotor integration and motor planning, and findings of increased vermis activation in substance abusers during reward-related and other cognitive tasks, we propose that the vermis be considered one of the structures involved in cocaine-and other incentive-related behaviors.

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Section: Cerebellar Connectivity To Dopamine Circuitrysupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Cocaine-Related Behaviors

Anderson

Maas

Frederick

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Structures in the PFC are necessary to learn complex associations and may contribute to awareness of emotional feeling states (Lane et al, 1998). Neuroimaging experiments in which participants are asked to reflectively generate (Teasdale et al, 1999), monitor (Henson, Rugg, Shallice, Josephs, & Dolan, 1999), anticipate (Porro et al, 2002), attribute (Paradiso et al, 1999), or report on (Gusnard, Akbudak, Shulman, & Raichle, 2001) emotional states typically show heightened prefrontal, especially medial prefrontal, activation.…”

Section: The Neuroscience Of Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural components of social evaluation.

Cunningham

Johnson

Gatenby

et al. 2003

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

183

116

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Evaluative responses appear to involve 2 seemingly distinct sets of processes: those that are automatically activated and others that are more consciously controlled. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the authors investigated the brain systems associated with automatic and controlled evaluative processing. Participants made either evaluative (good-bad) or nonevaluative (past-present) judgments about famous names. Greater amygdala activity was observed for names rated as "bad" relative to those rated as "good," regardless of whether the task directly involved an evaluative judgment (good-bad) or not (past-present). Good-bad judgments resulted in greater medial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity than past-present judgments. Furthermore, there was greater ventrolateral PFC activity in good-bad judgments marked by greater ambivalence. Together, these findings indicate a neural distinction between processes engaged for automatic and controlled evaluation. Whereas automatic processes are sensitive to simple valence, controlled processes are sensitive to attitudinal complexity.Arguably, among the most important cognitive processes are those that are involved in people's evaluation of their physical and social environment, including objects, persons, and events. The seemingly ordinary act of assigning valence-good and bad-is crucial for survival, guiding behavior toward or away from a significant object in the immediate environment or in anticipation of future rewards and punishments in goal attainment. It is not surprising then, that the brain systems that underlie these processes have been of considerable interest (see LeDoux, 1996). Nevertheless, there remains much to be done to fully understand how various component processes work independently and together to produce complex and coherent social evaluations.To understand the affective and cognitive processes of evaluation, the present research brought together theory, research, and methods of social psychology and cognitive neuroscience to clarify the nature of social evaluation. Using functional neuroimaging to examine variation in brain activity as a function of perceiver intentions, the information processed, and the interaction between intention and information, we can begin to identify the distinct cognitive and affective processes that are involved in social evaluations. In particular, the present study used theoretical ideas and findings about attitude/evaluation and attitudinal ambivalence to investigate the neural mechanisms that give rise to them. Neuroimaging evidence provides convergent validity for theoretical constructs used to characterize social cognition, and also offers suggestions about the constraints on social cognitive models of evaluation. Conversely, the theoretical framework from social cognition is critical for interpreting neuroimaging data regarding social processes and for understanding and generating new hypotheses about brain function. The Social Cognition of EvaluationIn the past 2 decades, the use of indire...

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“…Emotional scene encoding is known to engage multiple stages of visual processing along the ventral stream as well as fronto-limbic structures [29,32,44,53]. The common areas of activation across studies include the extrastriate cortex, AMG, FFG, and IFG.…”

Section: Ventral Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion?attention network interactions during a visual oddball task

Fichtenholtz

2004

Cognitive Brain Research

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Emotional and attentional functions are known to be distributed along ventral and dorsal networks in the brain, respectively. However, the interactions between these systems remain to be specified. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate how attentional focus can modulate the neural activity elicited by scenes that vary in emotional content. In a visual oddball task, aversive and neutral scenes were presented intermittently among circles and squares. The squares were frequent standard events, whereas the other novel stimulus categories occurred rarely. One experimental group [N = 10] was instructed to count the circles, whereas another group [N = 12] counted the emotional scenes. A main effect of emotion was found in the amygdala (AMG) and ventral frontotemporal cortices. In these regions, activation was significantly greater for emotional than neutral stimuli but was invariant to attentional focus. A main effect of attentional focus was found in dorsal frontoparietal cortices, whose activity signaled task-relevant target events irrespective of emotional content. The only brain region that was sensitive to both emotion and attentional focus was the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG). When circles were task-relevant, the ACG responded equally to circle targets and distracting emotional scenes. The ACG response to emotional scenes increased when they were task-relevant, and the response to circles concomitantly decreased. These findings support and extend prominent network theories of emotion -attention interactions that highlight the integrative role played by the anterior cingulate. D

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Cerebral Blood Flow Changes Associated With Attribution of Emotional Valence to Pleasant, Unpleasant, and Neutral Visual Stimuli in a PET Study of Normal Subjects

Cited by 278 publications

References 91 publications

Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Cocaine-Related Behaviors

Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Cocaine-Related Behaviors

Neural components of social evaluation.

Emotion?attention network interactions during a visual oddball task

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