Cerebral cortical activity associated with non-experts’ most accurate motor performance

Dyke, Ford; Godwin, Maurice M.; Goel, Paras; Rehm, Jared; Rietschel, Jeremy C.; Hunt, Carly; Miller, Matthew W.

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2014.06.008

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This evidence indicates that mistakes, particularly among experts, can be attributed to conscious verbal/analytic interference with movement preparation. The current findings are also in broad agreement with those of Babiloni et al (2011) and Dyke et al (2014), who reported that left temporal-frontal coherence was greater on missed than holed putts among expert golfers only.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Specifically, Babiloni et al (2011) found that high-alpha magnitude squared coherence between the left temporal (T3) and left frontal (F3) cortical areas decreased more compared to a premovement baseline for holed putts than for missed putts in expert golfers. However, Dyke et al (2014) reported no coherence differences between the best and worst putts of novices, suggesting disruption of movement by conscious processing is more likely to be a feature of expertise. Overall, these findings suggest that cognitive–motor interference is lower in experts than in novices and that low left temporal to frontal connectivity distinguishes accurate and inaccurate movements in experts.…”

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confidence: 89%

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Lower left temporal-frontal connectivity characterizes expert and accurate performance: High-alpha T7-Fz connectivity as a marker of conscious processing during movement.

Gallicchio

Cooke

Ring

2016

Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

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The Theory of Reinvestment argues that conscious processing can impair motor performance. The present study tested the utility of left temporal-frontal cortical connectivity as a neurophysiological marker of movement specific conscious processing. Expert and novice golfers completed putts while temporal-frontal connectivity was computed using high alpha Inter Site Phase Clustering (ISPC) and then analyzed as a function of experience (experts versus novices), performance (holed versus missed putts), and pressure (low versus high). Existing evidence shows that left temporal to frontal connectivity is related to dispositional conscious processing and is sensitive to the amount of declarative knowledge acquired during learning. We found that T7-Fz ISPC, but not T8-Fz ISPC, was lower in experts than novices, and lower when putts were holed than missed. Accordingly, our findings provide additional evidence that communication between verbal/language and motor areas of the brain during preparation for action and its execution is associated with poor motor performance. Our findings validate high-alpha left temporal-frontal connectivity as a neurophysiological correlate of movement specific conscious processing. Key wordsconscious processing; Inter Site Phase Clustering (ISPC); motor control; Reinvestment Theory; temporal-frontal connectivity 3 Classic theories of motor learning (e.g., Fitts & Posner, 1967) suggest that early in the learning process novices control movements deliberately and consciously, whereas following extensive practice they can learn to control movements automatically with reduced conscious awareness (i.e., they can evolve into experts). Thus, learning represents a transition from deliberate and explicit to automatic and implicit control of movement. This notion has been supported by research using electroencephalography (EEG) to assess cortical activity during movement tasks (for reviews see Cooke, 2013;Hatfield et al., 2004;Requin, Brener, & Ring, 1991). For instance, EEG research has indicated that experts display greater cortical efficiency (e.g., Babiloni et al., 2010), while also being more sensitive to errors (e.g., Cooke et al., 2015) when planning and executing movements.Grounded on classic theories of motor learning and control, the Theory of Reinvestment (Masters, 1992;Masters & Maxwell, 2008) proposes that automated motor processes can be disrupted when task-relevant declarative knowledge is used to consciously control movements. Specifically, reinvestment of declarative knowledge de-chunks automatic motor programs into separate components that require conscious control, causing a regression on the skill acquisition continuum to an earlier, more primitive and less effective stage of movement control (MacMahon & Masters, 1999). Importantly, the theory argues that contingencies such as movement errors, or increases in pressure, can create the conditions for reinvestment to occur (Lam, Masters, & Maxwell, 2010).For instance, pressure -defined as "the presence of situational incentive...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 89%

Lower left temporal-frontal connectivity characterizes expert and accurate performance: High-alpha T7-Fz connectivity as a marker of conscious processing during movement.

Gallicchio

Cooke

Ring

2016

Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology

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“…Indeed, it is notable that reinvestment theory experiments report increases in declarative knowledge use coincident to choking but have not shown knowledge use predicts choking (Hardy et al, 1996; Koedijker et al, 2007; Lam et al, 2009a, 2009b; Liao & Masters, 2001; Masters, 1992). To improve the precision of measuring declarative knowledge use during performance, researchers may employ “online” measurement techniques, such as EEG measures of neural activation in verbal-analytic brain regions and networking between these regions and motor planning regions (e.g., Buszard, Farrow, Zhu, & Masters, 2016; Deeny, Hillman, Janelle, & Hatfield, 2003; Dyke et al, 2014; Zhu et al, 2010; Zhu, Poolton, Wilson, Hu, et al, 2011; Zhu, Poolton, Wilson, Maxwell, et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning a skill with the expectation of teaching it impairs the skill’s execution under psychological pressure.

Daou

Hutchison

Bacelar

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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When practicing a motor skill, learners who are expecting to teach it to another person exhibit superior gains in skill execution and declarative knowledge. Since skills acquired with large gains in declarative knowledge are highly susceptible to decrement under psychological pressure, it is possible the advantage of expecting to teach is lost when performing the learned skill under pressure. To test this hypothesis, we had 40 participants practice golf putting with the expectation of teaching (teach group) and 42 participants practice with the expectation of being tested (test group). The next day, all participants performed low-and high-pressure posttests. The teach group outperformed the test group under low pressure but not high pressure, where the teach group's performance declined to that of the test group. Further, the teach group reported using more declarative knowledge during the posttests than the test group, but declarative knowledge use did not mediate the performance decline from low-to high-pressure posttest. Taken together, results suggest expecting to teach benefits skill learning, but this advantage is lost when performing the skill under high pressure. However, whether skill breakdown under high pressure is caused by an increase in declarative knowledge use remains an open question. Public Significance StatementThis study suggests practicing a motor skill with the expectation of teaching it enhances skill learning. However, this improved capability for skill performance is not manifested when the skill is performed under psychological pressure. Thus, it is recommended that people practice skills with the expectation of teaching them and take measures to prevent choking under pressure.

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“…The element 'response' received an overall average score of 1.48 AE 0.44, with a score of 0.84 AE 0.38 on the artificiality-naturality scale and a score of 0.64 AE 0.48 on the simplicity-complexity scale. Due to technological limitations surrounding EEG measurement, participants were sometimes given instructions regarding their body movement, such as remaining still prior to executing the required action (Dyke et al, 2014;Kao et al, 2013) or to only perform a certain subset of a task like the backhand serve (Skrzeba & Vogt, 2018). Alternatively, various studies gave no limiting instructions, allowing participants to move freely and execute responses at will (Bertollo et al, 2016;Cheng et al, 2015).…”

Section: Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological validity in exercise neuroscience research: A systematic investigation

Chang

Büchel

Reinecke

et al. 2022

Eur J of Neuroscience

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The contribution of cortical processes to adaptive motor behaviour is of great interest in the field of exercise neuroscience. Next to established criteria of objectivity, reliability and validity, ecological validity refers to the concerns of whether measurements and behaviour in research settings are representative of the real world. Because exercise neuroscience investigations using mobile electroencephalography are oftentimes conducted in laboratory settings under controlled environments, methodological approaches may interfere with the idea of ecological validity. This review utilizes an original ecological validity tool to assess the degree of ecological validity in current exercise neuroscience research. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles investigating cortical dynamics during goal-directed sports movement. To assess ecological validity, five elements (environment, stimulus, response, body and mind) were assessed on a continuum of artificiality-naturality and simplicity-complexity. Forty-seven studies were included in the present review. Results indicate lowest average ratings for the element of environment. The elements stimulus, body and mind had mediocre ratings, and the element of response had the highest overall ratings. In terms of the type of sport, studies that assessed closed-skill indoor sports had the highest ratings, whereas closed-skill outdoor sports had the lowest overall rating. Our findings identify specific elements that are lacking in ecological validity and areas of improvement in current exercise neuroscience literature. Future studies may potentially increase ecological validity by moving from reductionist, artificial environments towards complex, natural environments and incorporating realworld sport elements such as adaptive responses and competition.

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Cerebral cortical activity associated with non-experts’ most accurate motor performance

Cited by 18 publications

References 38 publications

Lower left temporal-frontal connectivity characterizes expert and accurate performance: High-alpha T7-Fz connectivity as a marker of conscious processing during movement.

Lower left temporal-frontal connectivity characterizes expert and accurate performance: High-alpha T7-Fz connectivity as a marker of conscious processing during movement.

Learning a skill with the expectation of teaching it impairs the skill’s execution under psychological pressure.

Ecological validity in exercise neuroscience research: A systematic investigation

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