Cerebral diffusional changes in the early phase of anthrax: Is cutaneous anthrax only limited to skin?

Karakaş, Mustafa Serkan; Bayındır, Yaşar; Fırat, Ahmet; Yağmur, Cengiz; Alkan, Alpay; Kayabaş, Üner

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.07.027

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In cases of human cutaneous anthrax, PA was detected in the blood in 50 to 100% of the patients after only 2–6 days after the diagnostic 35 37 . Furthermore, in another study of human cutaneous anthrax, modifications of brain signal were found by using magnetic resonance imaging, despite the infection remaining localised to the skin 38 ; this strongly suggested an early diffusion of toxins able to act at distance. This could be of pathophysiological consequence at the initial stage of anthrax and warrants further studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

In vivo dynamics of active edema and lethal factors during anthrax

Rougeaux

Bécher

Ezan

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Lethal and edema toxins are critical virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis. However, little is known about their in vivo dynamics of production during anthrax. In this study, we unraveled for the first time the in vivo kinetics of production of the toxin components EF (edema factor) and LF (lethal factor) during cutaneous infection with a wild-type toxinogenic encapsulated strain in immuno-competent mice. We stratified the asynchronous infection process into defined stages through bioluminescence imaging (BLI), while exploiting sensitive quantitative methods by measuring the enzymatic activity of LF and EF. LF was produced in high amounts, while EF amounts steadily increased during the infectious process. This led to high LF/EF ratios throughout the infection, with variations between 50 to a few thousands. In the bloodstream, the early detection of active LF and EF despite the absence of bacteria suggests that they may exert long distance effects. Infection with a strain deficient in the protective antigen toxin component enabled to address its role in the diffusion of LF and EF within the host. Our data provide a picture of the in vivo complexity of the infectious process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

In vivo dynamics of active edema and lethal factors during anthrax

Rougeaux

Bécher

Ezan

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Therefore, the technique was clinically used to detect ischemia-related cerebral changes. In the basic research field, DWI has recently been used to detect subtle abnormalities that occur in developmental and infectious disorders [4][5][6][7][8][9] . DWIs are clinically expressed in terms of radiological images that should be interpreted visually.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Changes in Uterine Leiomyomas and Myometrium: A Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Erdem

Çelik²,

Karakaş³

et al. 2009

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Although morphological and histopathological changes in uterine leiomyomas have been investigated in detail, the microstructural disruptions could not be studied in the living organism. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is a novel tool to assess microstructural changes in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize the diffusional property of leiomyomatous tissues with DWI. Sixteen females with a total of 21 leiomyomas were imaged with a 1.5-tesla clinical MR scanner. DWI images of leiomyomas, adjacent myometrial and myometrial tissues of healthy controls were obtained and quantified using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Mean ADC values of these groups were 1,201, 1,684, 1,661 mm²/s × 10^–6, respectively. ADC values in leiomyomas were significantly lower than those observed in the myometrium (p < 0.001). Cut-off values produced 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity. As ADC values implied the presence of cytotoxic edema in leiomyomas, the technique was found to be promising in observing temporal variations in leiomyomas and to monitor even the most subtle effects of therapeutic interventions.

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“…Eventually, a characteristic black necrotic eschar forms over the pustule (Roche et al. 2001; Karakas et al. 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of anthrax lethal toxin on human primary keratinocytes

Kocer

Matić

Ingrassia

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: To investigate the effects of anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) on human primary keratinocytes. Methods and Results: We show here that human primary keratinocytes are resistant to LeTx‐triggered cytotoxicity. All but one of the MEKs (mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinases) are cleaved within 3 h, and the cleavage of MEKs in keratinocytes leads to their subsequent proteasome‐mediated degradation at different rates. Moreover, LeTx reduced the concentration of several cytokines except RANTES in culture. Conclusions: Our results indicate that primary keratinocytes are resistant to LeTx cytotoxicity, and MEK cleavage does not correlate with LeTx cytotoxicity. Although LeTx is considered as an anti‐inflammatory agent, it upregulates RANTES. Significance and Impact of the Study: According to a current view, the action of LeTx results in downregulation of the inflammatory response, as evidenced by diminished expression of several inflammatory biomarkers. Paradoxically, LeTx has been reported to attract neutrophils to cutaneous infection sites. This paper, which shows that RANTES, a chemoattractant for immune cells, is upregulated after exposure of keratinocytes to LeTx, although a number of other markers of the inflammatory response are downregulated. Our results might explain why the exposure of keratinocytes to LeTx results in the recruitment of neutrophils to cutaneous infection sites, while the expression of several inflammatory biomarkers is diminished.

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Cerebral diffusional changes in the early phase of anthrax: Is cutaneous anthrax only limited to skin?

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

In vivo dynamics of active edema and lethal factors during anthrax

In vivo dynamics of active edema and lethal factors during anthrax

Microstructural Changes in Uterine Leiomyomas and Myometrium: A Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Effects of anthrax lethal toxin on human primary keratinocytes

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