Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP): A Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Study

Abstract

Background: Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) is characterized by abdominal pain, neurologic symptoms and psychiatric disorders, even if it might remain asymptomatic. The pathophysiology of both neurologic and psychiatric symptoms is not fully understood. Therefore, aiming to evaluate a possible role of brain blood flow disorders, we have retrospectively investigated cerebral perfusion patterns in Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) studies in HCP patients.Materials & Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of patients diagnosed as being affected by HCP. A total of seven HCP patients had been submitted to brain perfusion SPECT study with 99mTc-Exametazime (hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime, HMPAO) or with its functionally equivalent 99mTc-Bicisate (ECD or Neurolite) according with common procedures. In 3 patients the scintigraphic study had been repeated for a second time after the first evaluation at 3, 10 and 20 months, respectively. All the studied subjects had been also submitted to an electromyographic and a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study of the brain.Results: Mild to moderate perfusion defects were detected in temporal lobes (all 7 patients), frontal lobes (6 patients) and parietal lobes (4 patients). Occipital lobe, basal ganglia and cerebellar involvement were never observed. In the three subjects in which SPECT study was repeated, some recovery of hypo-perfused areas and appearance of new perfusion defects in other brain regions have been found. In all patients electromyography resulted normal and MRI detected few unspecific gliotic lesions only in one patient.Discussion & Conclusions: Since perfusion abnormalities were usually mild to moderate, this can probably explain the normal pattern observed at MRI studies. Compared to MRI, SPECT with 99mTc showed higher sensitivity in HCP patients. Changes observed in HCP patients who had more than one study suggest that transient perfusion defects might be due to a brain artery spasm possibly leading to psychiatric and neurologic symptomatology, as already observed in patients affected by acute intermittent porphyria. This observation, if confirmed by other well designed studies aiming to demonstrate a direct link between artery spasm, perfusion defects and related symptoms could lead to improvements in HCP treatments.

Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Acute Intermittent Porphyria: A Case Report

“…Likewise, heme upkeeps diatomic gases sensing and signaling, gene transcription/translation, mi-croRNA processing, protein stability, mitochondrial protein import, metabolic pathways, drug detoxification and biological clock functioning. Heme synthesis deficiency can cause porphyrias together with different pathological conditions, including anemias, kidney disease, cerebral hypoperfusion; besides, accumulation of porphyrins triggers toxic effects on hepatocytes, leading to free radical formation, hepatocyte harm and subsequent DNA damage [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Acute Intermittent Porphyria: A Case Report

“…Likewise, heme upkeeps diatomic gas sensing and signaling, gene transcription/translation, microRNA processing, protein stability, mitochondrial protein import, metabolic pathways, drug detoxification, and biological clock functioning. Heme synthesis deficiency can cause porphyrias together with different pathological conditions, including anemias, kidney disease, and cerebral hypoperfusion; besides, the accumulation of porphyrins triggers toxic effects on hepatocytes, leading to free radical formation, hepatocyte harm, and subsequent DNA damage [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Acute porphyrias – A neurological perspective

“…Six cases report confirmed cerebral vasospasms during an acute attack (Black et al., 1995 ; Maramattom et al., 2005 ; Mullin et al., 2012 ; Olivier et al., 2017 ; Takata et al., 2017 ; Webb et al., 2016 ), in four cases leading to infarctions possibly due to prolonged duration of vasospasms (Black et al., 1995 ; Mullin et al., 2012 ; Olivier et al., 2017 ; Takata et al., 2017 ). Additionally, a series of seven HCP patients reported cerebral hypoperfusion on SPECT during attacks that was partly reversible in follow‐up imaging and not detected on MRI (Valle et al., 2016 ).…”