Cerebral Vascularization and the Remaining Area Supply of the Internal Carotid Artery Derivatives of the Red Kangaroo (Osphranter rufus)

Abstract

The red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus) is a member of Macropidideae superfamily. It is one of the four kangaroo species living nowadays, and it is the biggest one. It is native to Australia, where it is an abundant species living across the whole continent in stable populations. Outside its natural habit, the red kangaroo is a common species found in zoos and as patients in wildlife rehabilitation centers. Reports on kangaroo anatomy are scarce. Describing detailed anatomy is a base for establishing diagnostic and treatment protocols for different species of animals. Cardiovascular diseases and pathological changes suggestive of hypertension have been previously described in kangaroos. This creates a necessity for detailed studies on species’ vascular anatomy. New reports in the field of detailed vascular anatomy can bring considerable information that complements numerous studies on the evolution or biology of individual species. In this article, we describe the arterial vascularization of the brain and nearby regions of the cranial cavity using various anatomical techniques. The vascularization of the brain is discussed and compared with different mammalian species.

Arterial Blood Supply to the Cerebral Arterial Circle in the Selected Species of Carnivora Order from Poland

“…A fully preserved internal carotid artery, which is the main source of blood to the brain, is found in all representatives of the odd-toed ungulates, i.e., the horse and other representatives of the family Equidae [7,20,21], in tapirs of the family Tapiridae and the rhinoceros of the family Rhinocerotidae [7]. It is also found in the rabbit and hare of the order Lagomorpha [7,22], in the Abyssinian highlander of the order Hyracoidea, in the wallaby and red kangaroo of the order Marsupialia, the two-toed sloth of the order Xenarthra, in the primates of the order Primates [7,23,24], and in the elephant of the order Proboscidea [25,26]. The different courses of this vessel in various animal species were described.…”

Anatomical View of the Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion in Japanese Black Cattle

“…In ruminants, the distal section of the ICA is a single artery that originates from a few branches of the maxillary artery that enter the cranium through the foramen ovale and foramen orbitorotundum, a complicated mesh on the floor of the cranium [6,7]. The ICA ascends along the bulla tympanica (BT) and runs in an S shape between the temporal bone's petrosal section and the auditory tube's cartilage component, connecting to the rete mirabile (RM) [8,9]. The RM, which splits into a rostral and a caudal division, is used to reconstruct a distal portion of the ICA [10].…”