Encephalitis 2013
DOI: 10.5772/54590
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities in Viral Encephalitis

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Cited by 6 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…Lower glucose (< 50 mg/dl) and relatively higher protein (> 50 mg/dl) levels noted in anti-HAV IgM-positive CSF samples were in agreement with those reported earlier in acute infections with herpes, varicella zoster and mumps viruses (Hammond et al, 1982;Ekmekci et al, 2013). Further, CSF pleocytosis associated with anti-HAV IgM/IgG positivity in the CSF of AES patients was in concurrence with that of the previously reported HAV-associated encephalitis cases (Davis et al, 1993;Lee et al, 2011) and suggested active inflammatory response in this group of patients.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…Lower glucose (< 50 mg/dl) and relatively higher protein (> 50 mg/dl) levels noted in anti-HAV IgM-positive CSF samples were in agreement with those reported earlier in acute infections with herpes, varicella zoster and mumps viruses (Hammond et al, 1982;Ekmekci et al, 2013). Further, CSF pleocytosis associated with anti-HAV IgM/IgG positivity in the CSF of AES patients was in concurrence with that of the previously reported HAV-associated encephalitis cases (Davis et al, 1993;Lee et al, 2011) and suggested active inflammatory response in this group of patients.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 91%
“…[1][2][3]6,7 A significant amount of evidence exists showing that other viruses and coronaviruses specifically can invade the CNS and induce neurological symptoms. [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] In addition, one study of 18 autopsies positive for SARS-COV-1 found that viral "genome sequences were detected in the brains of all SARS autopsies with real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays." 62 The route of initial SARS-CoV-1 infection to the brain remains unclear, but the viral presence was definitively established in the CNS.…”
Section: F I G U R Ementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Depending on the patient's history, physical examination, signs and symptoms and laboratory findings, if a CNS infection is suspected then immediate action to confirm diagnosis should be done by performing supplementary tests such as imaging and lumbar puncture if necessary. CSF cell count as well as CSF biomarkers (such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, CD8, MIF, NfH-SM135, GFAP-SM126, S100B) analysis are necessary to confirm the presence of inflammatory process in CNS [2], but since these CSF findings in most of the inflammatory states are similar, a differential diagnosis becomes challenging based on the CSF cell analysis therefore further steps such as image acquisition is needed to be able to proceed further. The physical findings such as meningeal irritation signs (Brudzinski's and Kernig's sign) and photosensitivity are not enough for the establishment of any type of CNS infection; even in cases where beside the above mentioned signs and symptoms, pyrexia and increased inflammatory markers are present, a definite diagnosis of CNS infection cannot be made, because conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can have the very same clinical findings, and the origin of pyrexia or elevated inflammatory factors can be something rather than the CNS.…”
Section: Diagnosismentioning
confidence: 99%