Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to coronavirus in patients with Parkinson's disease

Fazzini, Enrico; Fleming, John O.; Fahn, Stanley

doi:10.1002/mds.870070210

Cited by 177 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Overall, however, there is no clear evidence for involvement of an infectious agent in PD. Case-control studies have analyzed antibody titres in serum or cerebrospinal fluid for a large number of viruses (including influenza), as well as Bordetella pertussis [146,[534][535][536][537][538][539]. Whilst most studies found similar antibody levels in cases and controls, one study observed higher antibody levels for herpes simplex [538], while another study found lower antibody levels for herpes simplex, rubella and measles [539].…”

Section: Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

et al. 2011

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Section: Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

et al. 2011

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“…118,119 In humans, spirochetes have been found in Lewy bodies of PD patients. 29 Other infections, such as viral encephalitis, 120 AIDS-associated opportunistic infections of the basal ganglia, 121 coronavirus, 122 and other infections, 63,123,124 have been found in PD and could be important in stimulating inflammation and autoimmune responses. Richy and Mégraud 125 have stressed, however, that more rigorous investigations will be required to establish whether a causal link exists between infections and PD.…”

Section: Parkinson's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases

Nicolson

2008

Laboratory Medicine

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Often, patients with neurodegenerative or neurobehavioral diseases have chronic, neuropathic infections that could be important in disease inception, disease progression, or increasing the types or severities of signs and symptoms. Although controversial, the majority of patients with various neurodegenerative or neurobehavioral conditions, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and autistic spectrum disorders, show evidence of central nervous system or systemic bacterial and viral infections. For example, using serology or polymerase chain reaction evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Mycoplasma species, human herpesvirus-1 and -6, and other bacterial and viral infections revealed high infection rates that were not found in control subjects. Although chronic infections were not found in some studies, and the specific role of chronic infections in neurological disease pathogenesis has not been determined or is inconclusive, the data suggest that chronic bacterial or viral infections could be common features of progressive neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral diseases.

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“…This epidemic gave rise to the belief that PD might be associated with an infectious agent such as a virus, especially Epstein Barr virus, influenza virus, coronavirus and Japanese encephalitis virus (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Since the 1980's, several additional microorganisms such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Haemophilus influenzae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori (13)(14)(15)(16) have been postulated as agents that could be associated etiologically with PD or another kind of parkinsonism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

Díaz-Corrales

Colasante

Contreras

et al. 2004

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Parkinson's disease, a major neurodegenerative disorder in humans whose etiology is unknown, may be associated with some environmental factors. Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) isolated from a patient with an actinomycetoma produced signs similar to Parkinson's disease following iv injection into NMRI mice. NMRI mice were infected intravenously with a non-lethal dose of 5 x 10 6 colony forming units of N. otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5). Fourteen days after bacterial infection, most of the 60 mice injected exhibited parkinsonian features characterized by vertical head tremor, akinesia/bradykinesia, flexed posture and postural instability. There was a peak of nocardial growth in the brain during the first 24 h followed by a decrease, so that by 14 days nocardiae could no longer be cultured. At 24 h after infection, Gram staining showed nocardiae in neurons in the substantia nigra and occasionally in the brain parenchyma in the frontal and parietal cortex. At 21 days post-infection, tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling showed a 58% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra, and a 35% reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental region. Dopamine levels were reduced from 110 ± 32.5 to 58 ± 16.5 ng/mg protein (47.2% reduction) in brain from infected mice exhibiting impaired movements, whereas serotonin levels were unchanged (191 ± 44 protein in control and 175 ± 39 ng/mg protein in injected mice). At later times, intraneuronal inclusion bodies were observed in the substantia nigra. Our observations emphasize the need for further studies of the potential association between Parkinson's disease or parkinsonism-like disease and exposure to various nocardial species. Correspondence

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Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to coronavirus in patients with Parkinson's disease

Cited by 177 publications

References 21 publications

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence

Chronic Bacterial and Viral Infections in Neurodegenerative and Neurobehavioral Diseases

Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (GAM-5) induces parkinsonian-like alterations in mouse

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