Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylacetic acid in mental illness: behavioral associations and response to neuroleptic treatment

Sharma, Rajiv P.; Faull, Kym F.; Javaid, J. I.; Davis, John M.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09785.x

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In that review, it was reported that CSF norepinephrine, prostaglandin E1, norepinephrine and PGE1 adenyl cyclase and platelet 5HT levels among persons with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are similar, while platelet 5HT profiles are more alike among persons with bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder than those with schizophrenia. Subsequent studies of these sorts ( Table 5 ; Laruelle et al 1993 ; Sharma et al 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 ; Faustman et al 1999 ) have generally observed no differences between persons with these conditions; instead, neurotransmitter abnormalities are more strongly associated with symptom severity (and particularly psychosis) as well as outcome measures (ie, length of hospitalization). Again, a dimensional approach to the study of these populations appears to inform more usefully on cerebral neurochemical abnormalities than categorical psychiatric diagnosis.…”

Section: Neurobiology Of Schizoaffective Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature

Abrams

Rojas

Arciniegas

2008

NDT

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Considerable debate surrounds the inclusion of schizoaffective disorder in psychiatric nosology. Schizoaffective disorder may be a variant of schizophrenia in which mood symptoms are unusually prominent but not unusual in type. This condition may instead refl ect a severe form of either major depressive or bipolar disorder in which episode-related psychotic symptoms fail to remit completely between mood episodes. Alternatively, schizoaffective disorder may refl ect the co-occurrence of two relatively common psychiatric illnesses, schizophrenia and a mood disorder (major depressive or bipolar disorder). Each of these formulations of schizoaffective disorder presents nosological challenges because the signs and symptoms of this condition cross conventional categorical diagnostic boundaries between psychotic disorders and mood disorders. The study, evaluation, and treatment of persons presently diagnosed with schizoaffective may be more usefully informed by a dimensional approach. It is in this context that this article reviews and contrasts the categorical and dimensional approaches to its description, neurobiology, and treatment. Based on this review, an argument for the study and treatment of this condition using a dimensional approach is offered.

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Section: Neurobiology Of Schizoaffective Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature

Abrams

Rojas

Arciniegas

2008

NDT

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“…The study of PAA in psychiatric populations is motivated by the evidence that it is the main metabolite of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA), an endogenous biogenic tracer which has been found to be similar in structure and behavioral pharmacology to the psychostimulant amphetamine. PEA may therefore be implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depression …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible Diode Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection of Phenylacetic Acid in Plasma Derivatized with Nile Blue and Using Precolumn Phase Transfer Catalysis

Rahavendran

Karnes

1997

Anal. Chem.

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This study reports the application of Nile blue (NB), a farred oxazine label, as a precolumn derivatization reagent for the measurement of free levels of phenylacetic acid (PAA) in plasma. The measurement of PAA in psychiatric populations is important because it provides a marker for 2-phenylethylamine (PEA), which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depression. PAA was derivatized with NB through an amide linkage in the presence of 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (carboxylic acid activator, CMP) and triethylamine (base catalyst, TEA), respectively. The formation of the NB-PAA derivative was confirmed using normal phase and reversed phase thin-layer chromatography, reversed phase liquid chromatography, and electrospray mass spectrometry. The formation of the NB-PAA derivative was optimized using a sequential single factor approach. The optimal conditions for the formation and chromatographic separation of the derivative were determined to be 8.0 nmol/mL NB, 390 nmol/mL CMP, 2 mumol/mL TEA, a reaction time of 45 min, and a reaction temperature of 25 degrees C. This derivatization scheme was performed in a phase transfer catalysis mode that enabled the simultaneous extraction, preconcentration, and derivatization of the analyte in a single step. The limit of derivatization of PAA was determined to be 1.0 x 10(-9) M in phosphate-buffered saline, a PAA-free matrix. This derivatization was limited not by the kinetics of the reaction but by the chromatographic separation of the derivative from a side reaction product. The method was used to estimate endogenous free levels of PAA in human plasma samples. The levels of PAA in four sources of plasma were determined to be within 30-70 ng/mL using the method of standard addition and reflected levels that have been reported in the literature. The limit of detection of the derivative was determined to be 7.33 x 10(-11) M using a laboratory-constructed HPLC-VDLIF detector.

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“…PAA has been used to treat children with inborn errors of urea synthesis and also in patients with hyperammonemia [25, 26]. On the other hand, increased PAA levels have been associated with psychiatric illness [27]. Higher PAA levels induce cytostasis and modulate the synthesis and release of several growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor [28,29,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylacetic Acid and Arterial Vascular Properties in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5 on Hemodialysis Therapy

et al. 2007

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Background: Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a recently described uremic toxin that inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and plasma membrane calcium ATPase and may therefore also be involved in remodeling of arteries. Such vascular effects have not been evaluated yet in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Method: We prospectively measured the plasma concentrations of PAA using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 50 patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 (37 men, 13 women) on maintenance hemodialysis. Arterial vascular properties were quantified by the reflective index obtained from digital photoplethysmography. Results: During the hemodialysis session the plasma PAA concentration was reduced from 3.38 ± 0.24 mmol/l (mean ± SEM; median, 2.85 mmol/l; interquartile range, 2.02–4.52 mmol/l) to 2.25 ± 0.11 mmol/l (median, 2.06 mmol/l; interquartile range, 1.62–2.86 mmol/l; n = 50; p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the PAA concentration and the reflective index before the start of the hemodialysis session. Conclusion: The study demonstrates an association of PAA and arterial vascular properties in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5.

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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylacetic acid in mental illness: behavioral associations and response to neuroleptic treatment

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature

Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature

Visible Diode Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection of Phenylacetic Acid in Plasma Derivatized with Nile Blue and Using Precolumn Phase Transfer Catalysis

Phenylacetic Acid and Arterial Vascular Properties in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5 on Hemodialysis Therapy

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