Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain in acute optic neuritis and its predictive ability of multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Background Studies on the capability of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain (cNfL) to predict multiple sclerosis (MS) conversion in clinically isolated syndromes have yielded varying results. Objectives To expand our understanding of cNfL in optic neuritis (ON) and investigate whether incorporating cNfL into the 2017 McDonald criteria could accelerate the diagnosis of MS in patients with ON. Methods cNfL was measured in diagnostic samples from 74 patients with verified ON. MS was diagnosed using the 2017 McDonald criteria with a minimum observation time of two years from ON onset. Results 20.5% of 44 MS-converters did not fulfil the 2017 McDonald criteria at ON onset. A doubling of cNfL was associated with 207% (74%–514%) higher odds of MS (p = 0.00042, adjusted for age). Fulfilment of ≥ 1 MRI criterion for dissemination in space (DIS) and presence of brain contrast-enhancing lesions were associated with higher cNfL. Furthermore, cNfL correlated with inter-eye differences in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (Spearman’s ρ = 0.46, p = 8 × 10–5). Incorporating cNfL ≥ 906 pg/mL as a substitute for either dissemination in time or one MRI criterion for DIS increased the sensitivity (90.9% vs. 79.6%) and accuracy (91.9% vs. 87.8%), but also reduced the specificity (93.3% vs. 100%) of the 2017 McDonald criteria. Conclusion cNfL was related to MS diagnostic parameters and the degree of RNFL swelling. Clinical use of cNfL may aid in identification of ON patients with increased risk of MS until larger studies have elaborated on the potential loss of specificity if used diagnostically.