Cervical cancer detection based on serum sample Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

The use of Raman spectroscopy to analyze the biochemical composition of serum samples and hence distinguish between normal and cervical cancer serum samples was investigated. The serum samples were obtained from 19 patients who were clinically diagnosed with cervical cancer, 3 precancer, and 20 healthy volunteer controls. The imprint was put under an Olympus microscope, and around points were chosen for Raman measurement.All spectra were collected at a Horiba Jobin-Yvon LabRAM HR800 Raman Spectrometer with a laser of 830-nm wavelength and 17-mW power irradiation. Raw spectra were processed by carrying out baseline correction, smoothing, and normalization to remove noise, florescence, and shot noise and then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The control serum spectrum showed the presence of higher amounts of carotenoids indicated by peaks at 1,002, 1,160, and 1,523 cm(-1)and intense peaks associated with protein components at 754, 853, 938, 1,002, 1,300-1,345, 1,447, 1,523, 1,550, 1,620, and 1,654 cm(-1). The Raman bands assigned to glutathione (446, 828, and 1,404 cm(-1)) and tryptophan (509, 1,208, 1,556, 1,603, and 1,620 cm(-1)) in cervical cancer were higher than those of control samples, suggesting that their presence may also play a role in cervical cancer. Furthermore, weak bands in the control samples attributed to tryptophan (545, 760, and 1,174 cm(-1)) and amide III (1,234-1,290 cm(-1)) seem to disappear and decrease in the cervical cancer samples, respectively. It is shown that the serum samples from patients with cervical cancer and from the control group can be discriminated with high sensitivity and specificity when the multivariate statistical methods of PCA is applied to Raman spectra. PCA allowed us to define the wavelength differences between the spectral bands of the control and cervical cancer groups by confirming that the main molecular differences among the control and cervical cancer samples were glutathione, tryptophan, β carotene, and amide III. The preliminary results suggest that Raman spectroscopy could be a highly effective technique with a strong potential of support for current techniques as Papanicolaou smear by reducing the number of these tests; nevertheless, with the construction of a data library integrated with a large number of cervical cancer and control Raman spectra obtained from a wide range of healthy and cervical cancer population, Raman-PCA technique could be converted into a new technique for noninvasive real-time diagnosis of cervical cancer from serum samples.

The Clinical Application of Raman Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Detection

“…Many spectral unmixing algorithms are applied currently, including principal component analysis (PCA), vertex component analysis (VCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), support vector machine (SVM), and SVM-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) [7]. PCA is more commonly used for quantitative analysis in detecting cancers such as melanoma, breast cancer, and cervical cancer [8][9][10]. As for HCA, it is used for cancer diagnosis such as esophageal cancer [11] and some cancer cells [12][13][14].…”

Vibrational spectroscopy of biofluids for disease screening or diagnosis: translation from the laboratory to a clinical setting

“…The analysis of biofluids by Raman spectroscopy towards cancer diagnostics has been demonstrated in the fields of gynaecological cancer [50] and gastroenterology; not only was diagnosis achievable but also an ability to distinguish between high-and low-grade lesions, suggesting a potential role in screening. For example, alcohol use or infection with hepatitis C are risk factors for cirrhosis of the liver, which in itself increases the likelihood of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for % 90% of all liver tumours [51].…”

Raman Microscopy and Associated Techniques for Label-Free Imaging of Cancer Tissue

“…Because spectroscopy is not the main thrust of this review, the reader is directed toward a review of Raman spectroscopy for cancer diagnosis (20). Most Raman spectroscopy cancer diagnosis is performed on ex vivo tissue but has also been extended to blood serum (21). The combined use of Raman spectroscopy with metal nanoparticles, termed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, has been reviewed (22).…”