Cervical cancer in Iran: integrative insights of epidemiological analysis

Momenimovahed, Zohre; Salehiniya, Hamid

doi:10.1051/bmdcn/2018080318

Cited by 42 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth deadliest cancer among women in Iran [ 1 ]. Moreover, it is the most common cancer in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the effect of an educational program on increasing cervical cancer screening behavior among women in Fasa, Iran

et al. 2021

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Background Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth deadliest cancer among women in Iran. Educational interventions based on the proper behavior promoting models can lead to early diagnosis of cervical cancer.This study aimed to investigate the effects of educational intervention on performing Pap smear tests based on the Theory of Planned Behavior among women living in Fasa, Iran. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 participants. Thereafter, the educational intervention based on the results of cross-sectional study was conducted in a workshop form for 50 women as the intervention group and 50 women as the control group. Afterward, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software and then analyzed via logistic regressions analysis, paired t test, independent t test, chi-square test, and McNemar test. Result According to the results, 45.7% of the patients had a history of performing a Pap smear test, and 20.7% of them regularly performed this test. The knowledge, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were the predictors of intention and behavior of Pap smear test among the women (P < 0.05). These components accounted for 57.4% and 31.6% of the intention and behavior variances, respectively. After the intervention, a significant increase was observed in the means of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in the intervention group compared to the control group. The results reveal no significant difference between these two groups regarding the behavioral intention (p = 0.41) and performance of the Pap smear test (p = 0.583). The number of the participants undergone the Pap smear test has increased from 10 to 26 in the intervention group by passing 3 months from the intervention. The results of McNemar test indicated that this difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The results indicated an increase in the women’s performance of the Pap smear screening test by appropriate planning, provision of educational packages based on the women’s needs, and using effective subjective norms. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials IRCT20160830029608N3:12/31/2018. “Retrospectively registered”.

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“…Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth deadliest cancer among women in Iran [ 1 ]. Moreover, it is the most common cancer in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the effect of an educational program on increasing cervical cancer screening behavior among women in Fasa, Iran

et al. 2021

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“…As neoplastic changes in Pap smear results are low in Iran, HPV screening should be focused, especially in the case that the high-risk types of HPV virus are more prevalent in younger women. 10 Although, and evidently, HPV screening and vaccination is an effective method to predict and prevent cervical or breast cancer, unfortunately, due to limited resources, Iran could not apply this strategy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Women’s Cancer Care in Iran

Joulaei

Zarei

2019

Cancer Control

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Breast cancer (BC) and cervical cancer (CC) are the first and fifth common cancers in Iranian women. Although age-standardized incidence rate of BC and CC in Iran is low, the mortality to incidence ratio is high due to late diagnosis. Except an old and a quite comprehensive cancer registry, women’s cancer care encounter many challenges in Iran. Lack of a customized national and inclusive protocol to control cancer care along with the fragmented health system is the first and foremost cancer care challenge. Many high-risk women miss the opportunity of early diagnosis and treatment because of poor knowledge, low accessibility, or affordability to health care, stigma, and spouse negligence. Although the most effective BC screening method is mammography, it is not equally available for all Iranian women. Furthermore, the cost of BC is very high and screening is accompanied by stigmatized sociocultural beliefs. Unfortunately, while Iran has a good primary care system, low coverage of clinical breast examination and poor knowledge of women indicate that this system has not operated effective. Also due to the limited resources, the Pap smear test has not been applied to the majority of Iranian women. Despite the high basic health insurance coverage in Iran, it does not cover diagnostic test and full treatment of cancers which intensified underutilization of cancer care. In conclusion, developing a national policy and guideline for full coverage of early diagnosis of BC or CC should be prioritized. In this regard, health insurance companies should be committed to including BC and CC screening and care for their basic service packages. The second strategy could be training skillful, responsible, and motivated health-care providers. They are able to decrease the stigmatized view of doing mammography. Survivorship care including follow-up care, posttreatment issues, and psychosocial support should also be considered.

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“…[36] This may be partly due to the barriers such as negative cultural beliefs around cervical cancer, embarrassment about attending cervical screening, and lack of privacy. [37] Since the screening service is provided by a community health care worker who lives in the same neighborhood. Moreover, the participation rates in rural areas might be more affected by under-reporting due to embarrassment in admitting to have been screened for cervical cancer than in urban settings, where negative beliefs associated with the disease is less common.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities in Cervical Cancer Screening Participation in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2016 Nationwide Steps Survey

Amin

Kolahi

Jahanmehr³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: One of the most important concerns in every healthcare system is the elimination of disparities in health service utilization and achievement of health equity. This study aims to investigate the disparities in cervical cancer screening participation in Iran.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Non-Communicable Risk Factors Survey in 2016 (STEPs 2016). Data on cervical cancer screening in addition to demographic and socio-economic factors from 15975 women aged 18 and above were analyzed. The distribution of surveyed women with regard to cervical cancer screening practice was described. Chi Square and logistic regression were used to assess the association of demographic and socio-economic factors with cervical cancer screening. Socio-economic equity in screening was assessed by concentration index, and GIS analysis was used to show the provincial indices on the map of Iran.Results: Overall, 52.1% of women aged 30-59 years, had undergone cervical cancer screening at least once in their lifetime. Participation rate in cervical cancer screening programs varied between provinces; ranging from 7.6% in Sistan and Baluchestan to 61.2% in Isfahan. Young age, having no education, and being uninsured were associated with lower participation. Concentration index showed pro-poor inequity for the country and across all provinces, indicating that cervical cancer screening services are less utilised by high income groups. GIS analysis demonstrated spatial disparity across provinces of Iran.Conclusions: Equity and participation in cervical cancer screening in Iran requires improvement. For this to be achieved, new policies shall have a stronger emphasis on the lowest and the highest socio-economic population groups, while current strategies have mostly affected the people with middle socio-economic status.

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Cervical cancer in Iran: integrative insights of epidemiological analysis

Cited by 42 publications

References 38 publications

Evaluating the effect of an educational program on increasing cervical cancer screening behavior among women in Fasa, Iran

Evaluating the effect of an educational program on increasing cervical cancer screening behavior among women in Fasa, Iran

Women’s Cancer Care in Iran

Disparities in Cervical Cancer Screening Participation in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2016 Nationwide Steps Survey

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