“…According to GLOBACAN data, the absolute number of cervical cancer cases worldwide has increased over time (471 000 in 2000, 529 000 in 2008, and 570 000 in 2018) (Arbyn et al, 2011;Arbyn et al, 2020), and it continues to be a significant public health issue with almost 0.6 million cases and 0.3 million deaths per year (Arbyn et al, 2020;Bruni et al, 2019a;Serrano et al, 2018). Kazakhstan has a high incidence of cervical cancer in women of all ages, with a crude incidence rate of 18.2 per 100 000 women (Aimagambetova et al, 2021;Balmagambetova et al, 2020;Bruni et al, 2019b). Cervical cancer ranks as the second leading cause of female cancer and cancer-related death in Kazakhstani women, with over 1700 new cervical cancer cases diagnosed annually (Aimagambetova et al, 2021;Balmagambetova et al, 2020;Bruni et al, 2019a).…”