Cervical cancer screening uptake and determinant factors among women in Ambo town, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: Community‐based cross‐sectional study

Abstract

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death in Ethiopian women. About 77.6% of women died of 6294 new cases reported in 2019. Early screening for cervical cancer has substantially reduced morbidity and mortality attributed to it. In Ethiopia, most of the women visit the health facilities at the late stage of the disease in which the offered intervention is not promising. Therefore, we aimed to assess the level of cervical cancer screening uptake and its determinant among women of Ambo town, Ethiopia. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 women aged 20-65 years. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Estimates were presented using an odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. Statistical significance was declared at a p value of <0.05. Results:In the present study, 392 women were participated giving a response rate of 93%. Only 8.7% (34) of the study participants were received cervical cancer screening in their lifetime. Being in the age group of 30-39 years (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.22, 8.36), having cervical cancer-related discussions with a healthcare provider (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.17, 10.7), and knowing the availability of cervical cancer screening service (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.03, 7.87) were significantly associated with uptake of cervical cancer screening. Conclusion:In this study, cervical cancer screening uptake is very low. Our study identifies clues for determinants of cervical cancer screening uptake. Thus, further studies using a better study design might be helpful to explore determinants of low utilization of CC screening services and suggest an appropriate intervention that increases CC screening uptake in the study area.

Pattern and predictors of cervical epithelial cell abnormalities among unscreened and under-screened women in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

“…This finding highlights the huge burden of poor CS practices among women in our region, which has been a great challenge to CCa prevention in LMIC over the years [16]. Several studies within Lagos [2,[17][18][19], other parts of Nigeria [20][21][22] and LMIC [16,[23][24][25] are consistent with the low CS rate reported in our study, and in contrast to that reported in developed countries [26,27]. This is probably due to the lack of organised screening programmes in many LMIC compared to what is obtained in developed countries resulting in opportunistic screening of few women [2,3].…”

Drivers of cervical cancer prevention and management in sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative synthesis of mixed studies

“…Twenty studies informed that low knowledge about CC and its screening among women decreases the early detection of cervical cancer [ 31 – 50 ]. Similarly, lack of access to information on CC [ 37 ] and screening services [ 35 , 42 , 45 , 51 – 53 ], unawareness of where to be screened [ 54 ] and lack of health literacy [ 53 , 55 ] were the potential detractors to uptake screening. On the contrary, high knowledge of cervical cancer can improve healthcare-seeking behaviours of people at risk of CC.…”

“…On the contrary, high knowledge of cervical cancer can improve healthcare-seeking behaviours of people at risk of CC. Hence, being knowledgeable on methods of prevention [ 55 – 66 ], availability of cervical cancer screening services [ 51 ], the consequence of advanced cervical cancer [ 51 ] and the place of cervical screening services [ 37 ] has an input on the success of cervical cancer screening programme utilization.…”

“…Furthermore, risk perception related detractors to screening initiation included free screening test results [ 36 – 38 , 40 , 45 , 50 , 51 , 68 , 70 ], worry about stigma [ 46 ], emotional costs in the form of the disease [ 48 , 65 ], the pain of the gynecological examination and procedure [ 32 , 38 , 43 , 47 , 51 , 54 , 65 , 71 ], fear of the unknown [ 48 ], and myths and misconceptions about removing of the womb [ 49 ]. In addition, embarrassment, namely feeling shy [ 32 , 43 , 71 , 72 ], fear of invasion into their privacy [ 49 ], location of self-collection or privacy [ 46 ], and the assumption that sexual organs are private [ 48 ] were also found to be substantial barriers to screening.…”

Cervix Type and Cervical Cancer Classification System Using Deep Learning Techniques

“…Cervical cancer screening techniques include visual inspection after application of acetic acid (VIA), 7 papanicolaou test (Pap), 3 , 8 and human papillomavirus (HPV) test. 9 The type of cervical cancer is confirmed by visual examination of histopathology images under a microscope.…”